Rhetorical Strategies Used by President George W. Bush Essay -- Rhetor

Expository Strategies Used by President George Bush After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks On September 11, 2001, the Islamist fear monger bunch known as al-Qaeda propelled a progression of psychological militant assaults on the United States of America, explicitly in the New York City and Washington D.C regions. Nineteen al-Qaeda fear mongers commandeered four planes with the goal of utilizing them as self destruction assaults that would crash those planes into assigned structures, or targets. Two of the four traveler planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, the two of which fallen totally inside two hours of being hit. The third plane was collided with the Pentagon, and the west side of the structure, which is the Headquarters of the US Department of Defense, incompletely crumbled. The fourth commandeered plane was proposed for the US Capitol Building in Washington D.C, yet rather collided with a field in Pennsylvania after the travelers of the plane meddled with the criminals. The assault on September eleventh was devastatingly fatalâ€almost 3,000 individuals kicked the bucket in the assaults, including the entirety of the al-Qaeda thieves and each traveler on board the four planes. On the night of September 11, 2001, in the wake of these assaults, President George W. Shrubbery gave a location to the country. In his discourse, Bush tends to the residents of the United States, which is his intended interest group. Nonetheless, because of the idea of the assaults, individuals from everywhere throughout the world saw Bush’s address from their TVs, and individuals from both the United States and the remainder of the world had the option to get to the discourse later on the Internet. Bush’s primary reason in his location is to give a formal presidential reaction to the fear based oppressor assault, however more I... ...s audience’s feelings of dread and bitterness, yet in addition of energy through charged language and by convincing his watchers to relate to the people in question, so as to stir a feeling of outrage and duty to equity, which he can accomplish this charged language through utilization of analogy and periphrasis. By introducing his contention as one of strategy and supporting this case through the conventional subjects of definition and corresponding, Bush can eventually utilize his location to contend that America ought to be protected, in light of the fact that guarding America implies safeguarding the principle of opportunity itself. Works Cited Bramble, George W. A Great People Has Been Moved to Defend a Great Nation. Oval Office. Washington D.C. 11 Sept. 2001. American Rhetoric. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Blemish. 2013. gwbush911addresstothenation.htm>.

Raymond’s Run Free Essays

Tort Cede Bombard Is an inspiring anecdote about a young lady named Hazel and her younger sibling with extraordinary necessities. She understands that despite the fact that her triumph is a mind blowing accomplishment, there are things of significantly more Importance than winning the 50-yard run on Held Day. As I would see it, Hazel encounters a transitioning second when she sees her more youthful sibling running close by her from the opposite side of the fence, during her mark race. We will compose a custom exposition test on Raymond’s Run or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now In that Instant she makes It her objective to mentor Raymond to follow meet fame; she understands that welling implies more to him than Just another lace added to her assortment. â€Å"After all, Eve got a roomful of strips and decorations and grants. In any case, what has Raymond got the opportunity to consider his own? † This statement epitomizes the way that Hazel is becoming burnt out on taking all the magnificence and she is beginning to perceive Raymond potential. Hazel can utilize her running abilities to help improve her brother’s running. In Hazel’s eyes it would be more inefficacy for her to utilize her abilities to mentor her sibling. Aiding Raymond increment his certainty and running capacity would bring enduring joy into Hazel’s life. â€Å"I’m lumping all over so happy to see him-my sibling Raymond, an incredible sprinter in the family convention. † Finally, Hazel discovers that sport isn’t just about rivalry yet in addition sets up fellowships and makes character. Before the finish of the story, Hazel has a difference in heart and opens up to the possibility of Gretchen her opposition, being her reined. The statement toward the end is an ideal portrayal of how game can bring two totally various individuals together by discovering something in like manner, â€Å"And she gestures to salute me and afterward grins. What's more, I grin. We remain with this large grin of regard between us. Furthermore, it’s genuine. † Raymond Run is an amazing story that instructs us that game goes past the part of winning. From that solitary track and field competition meet, Hazel figures out how to utilize her gifts to profit others, regard and fortitude. The most effective method to refer to Raymond’s Run, Papers

Leisure sailing clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Relaxation cruising apparel - Essay Example The Company under examination has a place with the last situation instead of the previous one. There are four factors that will be analyzed under the titles appeared underneath as follows; There are both of all shapes and sizes political powers that influence the manner in which an organization runs. This is particularly as to the relaxation cruising industry. Most importantly, since the individual considering opening up the business under examination is an outside financial specialist, at that point government guidelines concerning remote interest in the UK ought to be thought of. This is on the grounds that there will be a few taxes that must be paid by the financial specialist. In any case, there are generally not many guidelines here of exchange at present in the UK. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) The administration passed an opposition arrangement in the year 1998 to control players or financial specialists inside ventures that may have undue preferred position over others in their field of activity. This is a bit of leeway for the financial specialist since he is shielded from horrible rivalry. Other than this, the speculator additionally needs to consider the way that the UK is a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol; consequently he should ensure that the Company consents to natural guidelines set up by the legislature. The speculator needs to think about the nation... Financial elements There are numerous financial variables that will influence the new speculation. These may either be identified with national issues or might be brought about by some worldwide factors as well. There are a lot of players in the recreation cruising apparel industry and some of them may not be seen legitimately. This is on the grounds that most organizations in the UK that offer recreation cruising garments do this as just distribute of their item offering. It might in this way not be anything but difficult to distinguish such Companies as rivals in the market. The financial specialist must place this at the top of the priority list since he can have the option to change his promoting methodologies relying upon what a portion of these contenders do. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) Another significant factor that the Company should fuse into its activity is the way that the UK economy is moderately steady. This implies buyers have solid buying power. The Company can in this manner participate in mass supplies in light of the fact that there is a prepared and capable market in the UK. What's more, the economy has long haul possibilities of improving. This infers the Company additionally has a chance to venture into there regions that have beforehand not been managed. The financial specialist needs to recollect that the United Kingdom is a piece of the European Union. There are various ramifications this has on any business running around there. The first is that there might be firm rivalry from different nations that have a place with the district since exchange hindrances have been lifted. Additionally the presentation of a typical cash will likewise influence the quality of the pound if the Company will be situated in Britain. The Company can manage firm rivalry from different individuals from the EU through consolidation of re-appropriating and information the board. The Company

Character Analysis on Pygmalion - Free Essay Example

Play, like other genres of literature depends on various stylistic devices as well as characterization to deliver its message to the listeners indirectly. This is an indication that indeed characterization is crucial to literary work and thus cannot be compromised by any author. For instance, in the play Pygmalion whose author is Brandon Johnson, Eliza is depicted as the main character via whom the message is passed depending on how she interacts with the other characters in the play. Through this channel of complicated relationship between these characters we release the journey of struggle and transformation in life of Eliza. Therefore this piece of work is going to conduct a character analysis of Eliza who is a character in the play Pygmalion. Living in neediness and battling from everyday can be an extremely troublesome approach to carry on life. Majority of us, if given the open door, would endeavor to roll out improvements to our lives and our circumstance on the off chance that we could. Pygmalion is a play by George Bernard Shaw that recounts the tale of a poor, youthful blossom young lady who has been disregarded and ignored in light of her appearance and way she talks. Notwithstanding the hard life, shes still brimming with hope and dreams after the future, as it is revealed by the decorates on the divider in her ratty hotel and the fantasies she regularly has in her little piggery. She plans to be a woman in a bloom shop as opposed to offering at the side of Totten ham Court Road, however is denied in view of her accent which was dreadful. The factor that keeps her focused on her destiny is that Eliza knows how to grasp opportunities when come to her. For instance overwhelmed Higgins gloats that the teacher can make her a duchess, she instantly grabs the open door and makes a visit to Higgins. This is the defining moment of her life; that is, the start of her change. Without the free character and the capacity to settle on right choices and right decisions, Eliza would have remained a poor blossom young lady all her life. Eliza shows her determination once more by developing interest in Higgin`s life. Eliza enters Higgins living room with unexpected reasons. Her efforts to impress Higgins are seen at a point where she asks a character by the name, Mrs Pearce,Did you tell Im that I came in Taxi?She needs to get used to white collar class behavior that both Higgins and her dad loathe. Elizas optimal is to noticeably become an individual from the respectable white collar class, and with a specific end goal to do as such, she should learn appropriate elocution and behavior. Yet, at that point we see that regardless of the first thought, Elizas fantastic endeavors to ace her lessons have their bases in the way that she has built up a doglike commitment to her two bosses † a dedication which Higgins will at last reject and which Eliza will eventually announce herself free of in the following phase of her improvement. While in company of Higgins, Eliza shows that she wasnt assured of her security and this is the reason why she replies quit weird when Higgin saidsomebody is going to touch you with broomstick.Eliza on her side responded by sayingOne would think you are my father,this was an indication of the wrath she faced from her father. She also kept on doubting her own character and that is why she repeatedly says I`m a good girl. The last two paragraphs depict Eliza as a completely changed person who is responsible for her own dignity unlike in the beginning where is portrayed as being a victim of circumstances. She is portrayed as a person who has temper control ,and who completely forgone life of characterized by vulgarity.

Aloe Vera and Lavender - 1231 Words

About aloe vera and lavender * Acid inside Aloe vera is used as effective pain killers. * Antiseptic made from Aloe vera is used to kill mold, bacteria, funguses and viruses. * Aloe vera uses include help in skin blemishes. * Acne is treated by Aloe vera gel and its really effective. * Aloe vera also helps in stopping baldness. * Important Aloe vera uses include relief from cuts, bruises and burns. When we are talking about Aloe vera uses, you will be surprised to know that there are 500 medicinal use of Aloe vera which has been mentioned in various books and is in practice. Since Aloe vera is very much found in tropical and sub tropical regions the uses of Aloe vera for people residing in those places†¦show more content†¦The lavenders (Lavandula) are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. An Old World genus, distributed from Macaronesia (Cape Verde and Canary Islands and Madeira) across Africa, the Mediterranean, South-West Asia, Arabia, Western Iran and South-East India. It is thought the genus originated in Asia but is most diversified in its western distribution. The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, subshrubs, and small shrubs. The native range extends across the Canary Islands, North and East Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabia and India. Because the cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild as garden escapees, well beyond their natural range. However, since lavender cross-pollinates easily, there are countless variations within the species. The color of the flowers of some forms has come to be called lavender. The leaves are long and narrow in most species. In other species they are pinnately toothed, or pinnate, sometimes multiple pinnate and dissected. Flowers are borne in whorls, held on spikes rising above the foliage. Flowers may be blue, violet or lilac. The calyx is tubular, with five lobes. The corolla is often asymmetric.[1] Lavenders flourish best in dry, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun.[2] All types need little or no fertilizer and good air circulation; in areas of high humidity, root rot due to fungusShow MoreRelatedCalamansi Extract Used as Handsanitizer1275 Words   |  6 PagesMIXTURES OF RUBBING ALCOHOL, ALOE VERA GEL, ESSENTIAL OIL AND CALAMANSI EXTRACT AS HANDSANITIZER An Investigatory Project Presented to the Science Teachers of NDDU Notre Dame of Dadiangas University High School Department General Santos City In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements in Science I By Phiolo Amiel Bangonon Steve Marquez Al Francis Tesaluna March , 2013 Abstract Citroforunella microcarpa plays a significant role in making food dishes. However the widespreadRead MoreIsopropyl Alcohol1306 Words   |  6 PagesApplying  Isocol to your hands after  after chopping onions or garlic will remove the odor just like a sanitizer. Astringent substitute  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Mix equal parts of Isocol  with water and apply with a cotton ball. Let it dry, then wash after 15 minutes. Follow-up with aloe vera gel. Do not use for prolonged periods and always test  for skin sensitivity. Soothe body aches  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Isocol brings  blood flow to the skin’s surface. It instantly cools and relaxes muscles. Itch Relief  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dabbing a little Isocol onto an itchy bug bite  willRead MoreThe Amazing Healing Agents Is Still Mostly Unknown1259 Words   |  6 Pageshealing through aromatic scents, when this only captures a fraction of the picture. The term aromatherapie was coined by a French scientist many years ago when, during a laboratory accident where his hand was being burned, he thrust it into a vat of Lavender oil. The burning stopped, and his hand healed so fast that he was inspired to develop a whole new system of treatment involving essential oils. So aromatherapy really means the entire realm of therapies using these aromatic compounds from plantsRead MoreEverything About Ringworm ( Dermatophytosis )2354 Words   |  10 PagesThe oil will provide relief to your itchy scalp and at the same time sooth and soften the infected area. Repeat this process for a couple of weeks, until the ringworms are cured. Lavender Oil in Jojoba Oil – Lavender and jojoba oil is a safe cure for babies and children that have ringworms. A small blend of lavender oil in jojoba oil applied in the affected areas with a cotton ball will give your baby a non-toxic, comforting remedy. Mustard Seeds – These tiny seeds when pulverized and made intoRead MoreMy Ecology Action Project802 Words   |  4 Pagesproject will actually help to improve my health. My project will improve my health both directly and indirectly in three ways. The first way is through what is consumed from my garden because some of what will be grown has benefits (i.e. aloe vera, sage, lavender, and herbs/vegetables). The second way is through exercise from building the planter and being outside tending to the plants. The third way is that simply being outside and gardening can reduce stress and have a positive effect on me mentallyRead MoreHow To Make Vitamin C And Honey Face Pack?. Why Go For1232 Words   |  5 Pageshas pH balancing properties. You can also make use of lavender essential oil to prepare this mask. This in turn helps to treat acne more effectively. Ingredients †¢ One teaspoon of organic or raw manuka honey †¢ Half a teaspoon of organic brown sugar. You can also use regular sugar, though it may be more abrasive. †¢ Half a teaspoon of vitamin C powder. This can be replaced by lime juice that has been freshly squeezed. †¢ One to two drops of lavender essential oil. Blend all the ingredients well. UseRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Dry Skin Brushing1948 Words   |  8 Pagesactivities in various tests. The most popular herbal skin care product is Aloe Vera made from the Aloe plant. This product keeps the skin looking moist and soft. It can also be used to treat sun burns. Tea is also used in skin care products which can be used to treat skin that has been damaged by the sun. A lot of skin care products are oil based. The most popular ones are lavender oil and tea tree oil amongst others. Lavender oil has been used to massage the skin. They are also used to treat rashesRead MoreAn Empirical Study on Competitive Marketing Strategies for Skin Care Cosmetics of Organized Retail Sector5596 Words   |  23 Pagesespecially sport persons. For example â€Å"Ayur† offers after burn gel. It`s an after sun treatment which, cools and soothes skin instantly, helping to minimize the signs of short-term sun damage with the skin healing powder of n atural chamomile. A blend of aloe-vera, chamomile, cucumber and multi-vitamin complex absorbs quickly to help minimize flaking and peeling. Leaves a cooling effect and helps reduce the signs of redness. It comes in the packaging of 50ml, 100ml. 8. Ayurvedic Prickly Heat Powder: PricklyRead MoreAn International Marketing Report for Original Source6643 Words   |  27 Pagessame language would make it easier to succeed. According to the company mission statement regarding using natural resources, Australia and New Zealand are more beneficial for Original Source to target. In particular tea tree, macadamia nut oil, lavender, mint and eucalyptus is readily available. However it has been decided that the targeting will begin at focusing on Eastern Australia and the coastal regions to gain recognition before expanding further. Targeting here is more ideal due to the populationRead MoreGardening For Beginners : Gardening5513 Words   |  23 Pagesthereby acquiring such skills as patient, love, responsibility, reasoning, cooperation, creativity etc. Use different plant species that have sensory and textural features. Examples are Jasmine, sweet pea, lavender, lemon balm for smell sensory features; Snapdragons, woolly lamb’s ear, Aloe Vera for touch sensory qualities; corn, bamboo and grasses for sound features and basil, strawberries, peas, rosemary, carrots, cherry tomatoes for sweet taste qualities. PAGE 14 How to Choose What Type of

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream - 592 Words

Red, white , and blue are iconic to the American culture we know of. They can show our passion, desire, and pride for our country, but you will always have you might have to give in, against what your morals tell you.In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses the colors red, blue, and white to symbolize the American dream. To accomplish the American dream you need passion and desire but you will face situations where your morals will compromised. Passion is a necessity when trying to accomplish the American dream. Fitzgerald used the color red when he was revealing someones passion and love.Fitzgerald uses the color blue when describing desire which is another crucial part of achieving the American dream. Lastly, when trying to accomplish the American dream you will be faced with moments where you may have to compromise your morals. Throughout the novel Gatsby is enthralled with passion and love which is represented by the color red. In the very beginning of the book Daisy--Gatsby’s love-- is described as having a house with red and white, â€Å"... a cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion, overlooking the bay.†(p. 6) This symbolizes the passion Gatsby has for her but how she is just a little bit too far out of his reach. â€Å"Gatsby stood in the centre of a crimson carpet and gazed around with fascinated eyes. daisy watched him and laughed, her sweet, exciting laugh...†(p. 116) This excerpt from the novel shows again Gatsby’s love for Daisy andShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Great Gatsby Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream: The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story on the surface, but its most commonly understood as a suspicious critic of the American Dream. In the novel Jay Gatsby overcomes his poor past to gain an incredible amount of money and a limited amount of social cache of in the 1920s NYC, only to be rejected by the â€Å"old money† crowd. The focus of my paper would be the pathway towards the American Dream and how it affects the person and others around. The American dreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real American Dream Since its institution, the United States has been revered as the ultimate land of ceaseless opportunity. People all around the world immigrated to America to seek quick wealth, which was predominately seen in the new Modern era. Beginning in the late 1800s to the early 1900s, the period introduced progressive ideas into society and the arts. Accompanying these ideas was a loss of faith in the American Dream and the promise America once guaranteed, especially after WorldRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1442 Words   |  6 PagesPursuit of Happiness. This sentiment can be considered the foundation of the American Dream, the dream that everyone has the ability to become what he or she desires to be. 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Scott Fitzgerald. It follows Jay Gatsby, a man who molds his life around one desire: to be reunited with Daisy Buchanan, the love he lost five years earlier. Gatsby s quest leads him from poverty to wealth, into the arms of his beloved, and eventually to death. Nick Caraway is the narrator, or storyteller, of The Great Gatsby, as well as Daisy s cousin who happens to live next door to Great Gatsby. Daisy represents the paragon of perfection. She has the aura of charmRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream773 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant items. The American Dream is a huge achievement that everyone wants to reach. Whether people want to admi t it or not, it is a symbol all it’s self. It can be anything really, a great job, a family, white picket fence, even music or attending concerts of your favorite band. The American Dream is something that makes you so happy and what you can achieve or want achieve in your lifetime. The main AMerican Dream is money, a family, and happiness. 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The dream did not discriminate anyone and that is why many people worked towards it. In the novel, it shows that not everyone was living the American Dream but were separated by the social classes of wealth, race, and intelligence. The 1920s in America was a roaringRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : The American Dream927 Words   |  4 Pages2017 The Poor Man’s Dream Many believe that America is the land of riches, where anyone can become rich and wealthy. This idea is known as the American Dream, a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for a successful living. However, this ethos is completely false, and is nothing more than exactly that - a dream. Throughout the award-winning work of F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, he gathers criticism about the American Dream. 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Research Methods For Strategic Managers free essay sample

There are no standard rules for the selection of a research topic but the ender listed will serve as a guide for researchers. 1 . The topic must be educational in nature. The educational nature of a topic implies that the topic must be such that is geared towards providing a solution to an educational problem. It must also satisfy one of the major objectives of educational research extension of knowledge and making a meaningful contribution in the teaching learning process. . The topic to be selected must be of interest to the researcher. A persons interest in a topic provides the motivation that will enable the researcher complete the investigation. Interest also makes for dedication and commitment in the course of the study. This is one of the reasons; the supervisor should not select a topic for students. One cannot be committed to a study that has no personal meaning to him. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods For Strategic Managers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Topic must be original: the originality of a topic first and foremost eliminates duplication. A duplicated research study amounts to waste of energy, time, material and financial resources, because solution to that problem has already been provided. An original topic adds new knowledge which contributes to educational advancement. 4. Topic must be researchable: a epic is said to be researchable if it lends itself to investigation through the collection and analysis of objective and relevant data. It employs a systematic data gathering procedure for testing its theory and arriving at the solution to the problems.Example does God answer prayers? God cures diseases. 5. Availability of time and financial resources: the topic must be such that can be completed within the time and money available to the researchers. Excuses relating to time and financial handicaps are not tolerated in research. Many research studies are abandoned due to lack of time and financial resources. . Availability of data: the topic must be one in which the researcher can easily identify his subjects and means Of collecting data from the subjects.Subjects in research may be human being, objects, events and structures such as buildings. 7. Facilities for data collecting must be available; such facilities like the libraries, computer and information centers. This is important for review of literature and analysis of data. 8. Topic must be significant: it must be capable of adding to new knowledge thereby providing solution to some knotty educational and social problems. Its findings must infinite some individuals. A critical consideration of most of the above principles will make topic selection as easy task for researchers.The study was conducted at a large life insurance organization in the London, but was contained to the Operations business unit, which is the office support to the largely sales driven teams that sell life insurance products or solutions. The Operations unit is the largest business unit, but also one of the units that do not have incentive reward programmer. The outputs of this unit are significantly important to the organization as its key functions are processing f new policies and claims, which often have to be performed under high levels of pressure and against deadlines.The organization has as one of its strategic drivers, a high performance culture as a business priority and strategic intent. Creating a high performance culture requires a number of elements to be present, one of which is high levels of job performance that is underpinned by a highly motivated workforce. The organization is thus under constant pressure to revise its benefit offering to staff, which includes a reward and recognition programmed that staff buy-in too, is satisfied with ND which is linked with the organization s strategy.AIMS OF THE RESEARCH An organization can use recognition as a strategic measure to show employees that their cont ribution to the organization is recognized, and in so doing, influence their motivation and job performance. Based on the findings of the research, the organization could improve and encourage the use of effective recognition in the feedback process of the performance management system. The findings of this research study could also influence the company to consider a more structured approach to recognition that would enable the high performance culture it strives to attain.The aim of this research is to investigate the role that reward and recognition plays in motivating employees. The study Will explore which of these factors, reward or recognition, has a greater impact on employee motivation and satisfaction. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are: 1) To determine if there is a relationship between rewards and recognition and employee motivation and satisfaction. 2) To determine the impact of rewards on motivation and satisfaction. 3) To determine the impact of recognition on motivation. 4) To determine which factors contribute to work motivation and satisfaction. To determine the impact of biographical variables on work motivation and satisfaction. HYPOTHESES (i) There is no statistically significant relationship between work content, payment, promotion, recognition, working conditions, benefits, personal, leadership/supervision, general and work motivation and satisfaction in the Operation business unit of an insurance organization. (ii) The nine independent variables (work content, payment, promotion, recognition, working conditions, benefits, personal, leadership/supervision and general) will not significantly explain the variance in work motivation and satisfaction. Ii) There are no statistically significant differences in rewards and recognition based on the biographical variables (gender, home language, marital status, age, race, job classification, educational, qualifications, job grade and tenure). LITERATURE REVIEW The focus of this chapter is to provide insights to the theories that have shaped the understanding of motivation, by f ocusing on the content theories of motivation. The chapter proceeds with an in-depth presentation of a total rewards management programmer and the support that a performance management process can provide to such a programmer.Given the focus of his research study, it is important to have a sound understanding of the meaning of rewards and recognition, as they are often used interchangeably, but the literature indicates that there are unique, tangible differences between these concepts. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Todays reality is that people influence important aspects of organizational performance in a multitude of ways. People conceive and implement the organizational strategy, while the mix of people and systems mostly determines an organizations capabilities.Competencies are required to execute the strategy, and these competencies are primarily a function of the kills and knowledge of an organizations human capital. Therefore, if an organization is to treat its employees as its most important asset, it has to be knowledgeable about what it is that motivates people to reach their full potential (Lawyer, 2003). Harris (1996) maintains that the workplace rules have changed. The workplace realities of yesterday no longer exist and what was once a dream of a lifetime job guaranteed in exchange for lifetime company loyalty has died. As the workplace rules have changed, so too must the way organizations meet the new motivational needs of todays employee. This changing work environment is well summarized by Beer et al. (1984), in which they support the fact those organ actions today have significantly changed. In order for an organization to meet its obligations to shareholders, employees and society, its top management must develop a relationship between the organization and employees that will fulfill the continually changing needs of both parties.At a minimum, the organization expects employees to perform reliably the tasks assigned to them and at the standards set for them, and to follow the rules that have been established to govern the workplace. Management often expects more: that employees take initiative, supervise themselves, continue to learn new skills, and be responsive to business needs. Ata minimum, employees expect the organization to provide fair pay, safe working conditions, and fair treatment. Eke management, employees often expect more, depending on the strength of their needs for security, status, involvement, challenge, power, and responsibility.Just how ambitious the expectations of each party are vary from organization to organization. For organizations to address these expectations an understanding of employee motivation is required (Beer et 984). Carnegie (1975) emphasizes the human aspects of management. They postulate that as it is people who make a business succeed or fail it is the organizations chief responsibility to motivate their people so that they will assure success. The authors believe that each human being has the potential for creativity and for achieving goals.The infinite question is how organizations reach this potential and how they stimulate creativity and foster in their people the desire to succeed and to achieve self-fulfillment through their work. The common theme of the above authors is the belief that people deed to be respected and treated as precious human capital, more essential to an organizations effectiveness than its financial capital. People are now seen as the primary source of a companys competitive advantage. Therefore, the way people are treated increasingly determines whether an organization will prosper or even survive (Lawyer, 2003).Organizations are under constant pressure to enhance and improve their performance and are realizing that an interdependent relationship exists between organizational performance and employee performance. In the following section the focus will be on the devotional theories and the impact that these theories have on enhancing employee performance. MOTIVATION AND JOB PERFORMANCE Motivation is defined as a set of processes concerned with the force that energies behavior and directs it towards attaining some goal (Baron, 1983). Grittier and Kinetic (1992, p. 62) postulate that motivation represents, those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed. If it is the role of managers to successfully guide employees toward accomplishing organizational objectives, it is imperative that they understand these psychological processes. Motivation is further described as being intentional and directional. The word intentional refers to personal choice and persistence of action, whilst directional denotes the presence of a driving force aimed at attaining a specific goal.In other words, a motivated person is always aware of the fact that a specific goal must be achieved, and would direct their effort at attaining that goal (Nell et al. , 2001). Mol (1992) on the other hand distinguishes between the terms movement and motivation. When a person carries out a task just for the sake of being remunerated, the person is moved rather than motivated. It is only when individuals carry out a task because they are enjoying it or are totally involved in it that they are motivated.According to La Motto (1 995), motivation is simply the reason individuals have for doing the things they do. In day-to-day society many different things motivate people, and that which motivates one person may not necessarily motivate another. Things such as a love for life, a desire to succeed, fear of failure, the need for self-fulfillment or self-esteem, are all factors that influence motivation. In conjunction with this, employee motivation is a process that an organization can foster and nurture so that it an occur spontaneously.If organizations believe that people are naturally motivated, they must simply provide the environment and atmosphere that fosters and supports their motivation (Baron, 1983). La Motto (1995) posits the view that, the common wisdom is that managers have to learn to motivate people. He believes that employees bring their own motivation, and what they need from work is to be liberated, to be involved, to be accountable and to reach their full potential. Harris (1996) advances the notion of horsepower, which he defines as employees engaged passion for excellence.In accordance with this, organizations that capture the hearts of their employees seldom have to be concerned about motivation, as engaged hearts motivate themselves. People who are engaged and self-motivated do not have to be managed, as they are motivated by doing a job they believe in, in a constructive direction. According to Lawyer (1973) as cited in Barbing, Vulgar and Blue (1987), a theory of work motivation must account for the control and prediction of behavior.It must account for the phenomenon of voluntary behavior being initiated, that is, it should identify the energies of voluntary work behavior. A theory of work motivation must explain how human behavior is directed or channeled. It is evident that a good reward and recognition system can contribute to peoples satisfaction and their willingness and desire to learn and improve their skills and can lead to greater retention. The types of rewards and recognition that people receive are a major contributing factor to their level of satisfaction.The more highly rewarded and recognized people are, the more satisfied they tend to be with their job and with their life. This implies that satisfied employees are less likely to quit, change jobs, join unions, or be absent. In summary, organizations are better off when they provide people with a reward level that leads them to feel at least moderately satisfied (Lawyer, 2003). Consistent in the literature is that, albeit a well-researched area, many organizations are still not leveraging off the value that a well-structured total reward programmer could add. It would appear that many organizations continue to make the mistake to have programmer that focuses primarily on reward, rather than a healthy balance of reward and recognition. The Proposal in Qualitative Research The purpose of qualitative or naturalistic research varies according to the search paradigm, methods, and assumptions. Generally speaking, qualitative researchers attempt to describe and interpret some human phenomenon, often in the words of selected individuals (the informants).These researchers try to be clear about their biases, presuppositions, and interpretations so that others (the stakeholders) can decide what they think about it all. Unlike conventional, positivist research, there is no single accepted outline for a qualitative research proposal or report (Morse, 1 991 The generic outline that follows is suggested as a point of departure for alliterative research proposals, and it applies specifically to the research paradigm and methods that seem most applicable to the study of families and family therapy (e. G. Post-positivist, phenomenological clinical observation and long interviews). The outline is intended to serve as a point of departure for researchers, who must decide how to organize their proposals (a) to best communicate their ideas to their intended audiences and (b) to satisfy the demands of the context. I. Introduction A. Begin with something interesting, e. G. , a quote or story, to capture the readers interest. B. Introduce you question or curiosity. What is it that you want to know or understand? How did you get interested in the topic? If your question has evolved since you have begun, describe the process.C. Tell why theres a need for the study. Cite relevant literature that calls for the need for the research in this area, or demonstrates the lack Of attention to the topic. In your own words, describe how you think this study will be useful. D. Describe the intended audience for your research (e. G. , the public, family therapists). E. Describe your research product. What form will the report take (e. G. , scholarly manuscript, magazine article for the public, script for a documentary video)? F. Conclude the introduction with an overview of your proposal. II.Research Paradigm This section should be included in your proposal when you expect to have readers who are not familiar with the naturalistic research paradigm. It may not be necessary in contexts where qualitative research is an accepted form of inquiry. A. Use specific language to name and describe your research paradigm (e. G. , naturalistic, post-positivist). The term paradigm is used here to represent the epistemological, conceptual foundation for qualitative research. See Cuba (1990). B. Describe the philosophical correlates of your research paradigm (e. G. , phenomenology, hermeneutics).C. Cite authors who have defined your research paradigm in the social sciences and suggested its application to your field of study and/or your specific topic of study. See Moon, Dillon, and Sprinkle (1990). D. Explain the assumptions of your research paradigm. 1. Broadly speaking, describe what you intend to accomplish through this research (e. G. , expanding a knowledge base, generating hypotheses for quantitative research, developing a grounded theory, emancipating informants, establishing the trustworthiness of a theory). See Atkinson and Heath (AAA, Bibb); Lincoln and Cuba (1985). . Explain the assumptions about the nature of knowledge and reality that underlie your research paradigm. Discuss how a formal literature review will be used. 3. Describe the major tasks of the researcher in this paradigm of research. Comment on how the tasks differ in conventional social science research. 4. Explain the type of relationship that the researcher has with the informants (e. G. , unobtrusive observer, participant observer, collaborator, emancipation). E. Suggest the appropriate criteria for evaluating the research findings, research recess, and the research report.The criteria should be consistent with your research paradigm and well documented. See Atkinson, Heath, and Channel (1991). Ill. Research Method A. Identify and generally describe your research method (e. G. , ethnographic field study, single case study), and your research procedures (e. G. , long interviews, observation). B. Cite the major authors who have described your research method. See Lincoln and Cuba (1985); Glares and Strauss (1967), etc. C. Describe what you intend to do in detail, as you begin your study. 1 Explain how you will select informants and gain entry into the research intent (if relevant). . Describe the procedures you will take to protect the rights of your informants (e. G. , informed consent, human subjects approval, debriefing). 3. Describe the kind of relationship you intend to have with the informants. Will you be neutral, collaborative, objective? 4. Describe the kind of data you will collect (e. G. , field notes from memory, audio tapes, video tapes, transcripts of conversations, examination of existing documents, etc. ). 5. Describe your intended data collection procedures. Elf interviews are to be used, list your question(s) or attach as an appendix. Describe any equipment o be used. . Describe the procedures you will use to keep track of the research process. This will become part of your audit trail. A. Process notes: Day to day activities, methodological notes, decision making procedures. B. Materials relating to intentions and reactions: personal notes about motivations, experiences with informants, etc. C. Instrument development information: revisions of interview questions, etc. 7. Describe your intended data analysis procedures (coding, sorting, etc. )? A. Data reduction: Write-ups of field notes, transcription procedures and conventions, computer programs used, etc. Data reconstruction: development of categories, findings, conclusions, connections to existing literature, integration of concepts. 8. Describe how the research design may evolve as the process unfolds. 9. Describe how you will organize, format and present your data, interpretations, and conclusions. D. Describe how you will consider and protect reliability and validity. Will you use systematic methods and procedures, triangulation, member checking, peer debriefing, auditing? IV- Preliminary Biases, Suppositions and Hypotheses A.Summarize and reference all of the relevant literature that you have viewed to date. B. Describe how your review of the literature has influenced the way you are approaching the research. C. Discuss how your previous experience with your topic has influenced the way you have conceptualized this research. Summarize relevant personal an professional experiences, if you have not done so in the Introduction. D. Disclose the anticipated findings, your hypotheses and your hunches. E. Describe the procedures you will use to remain open to unexpected information (e. G. Peer debriefing). F. Discuss the limitations of your study in the context of the limitations Of all similar studies. Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods There are 2 broad categories of data collection methods: quantitative and qualitative. The difference in the 2 categories lies in the approach and the types of questions they seek to answer. There is the erroneous perception that quantitative methods are more objective and that qualitative methods are more subjective. Todays researchers recognize that both methods have subjective and objective qualities.Quantitative Methods Quantitative research uses methods adopted from the physical sciences that are designed to ensure objectivity, reliability and the ability to generalist. They seek to exert maximum control over the questions and potential answers and most often incorporate probability sampling methods to allow for statistical inference to the larger study population. The researcher is considered external to the actual research, and results are expected to be replicable no matter who conducts the research. Quantitative methods help to answer questions such as who, how much, and how many.Where probability sampling is used, statistical analysis will provide precise estimates for study variables, such as frequencies, averages, ranges, means, and percentages, at a known and quantifiable degree of confidence. The intent is to gather data to test a pre-determined hypothesis and only answers to those questions/variables included in the questionnaire are collected. Questions are not open-ended and respondents are expected to provide short answers. This eases analysis, but limits the degree to which respondents participate and are able to provide explanations that they perceive (causes, rationale).Rather, explanations are sought by comparing associations and potentially causal relationships between variables (e. G. Diarrhea prevalence is lower among children whose primary drinking water resource is a borehole; the lower prevalence, therefore, is explained by the source Of water). Strengths Precise estimates, backed by statistical theory, are often invaluable for decision-making and advocacy because they are robust and objectively verifiable if the data is collected and analyses correctly.Weaknesses The greatest weakness of the quantitative approach is that it can take human behavior out of context in a way that removes the event from its real world setting. Factors or variables left out of the data collection instrument are simply not considered in analysis. Qualitative Methods Qualitative research methods are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through immersion in their culture or situation and through direct interaction with them. These methods help to answer questions such as how and why.The focus is on presenting perceptions, judgments, and opinion ions and on explaining meanings, processes and reasons. Qualitative interviews differ from traditional structured interviews, in which formal questionnaires are used, by not being limited to a set of predetermined questions to be asked in sequence. Instead, the interviewer sees a checklist of topics to guide the interview, pursuing avenues that open along the way. When applying qualitative methods, the researcher becomes the instrument of data collection and results may vary greatly depending upon the researcher. Hypotheses and additional follow-up questions are generated during data collection and analysis, and measurement tends to be subjective. Therefore, by their very nature, the methods are Often not objectively verifiable. The strengths of using qualitative methods are that they generate rich, detailed data that leave the participants perspectives intact and provide a context for their behavior. Respondents provide their own explanations in a participatory exchange with interviewers. Weaknesses The weaknesses of using qualitative methods are that data collection and analysis may be labor intensive and time-consuming.As a result the number of respondents to which the method is applied is usually far fewer than for quantitative methods. Another disadvantage is that qualitative methods are often not objectively verifiable. When to use Quantitative or Qualitative Methods It is often appropriate to employ both quantitative and qualitative methods as they complement each others strengths and weaknesses. Qualitative methods might be used to explore issues during the early stages of a longer study, enabling the researchers to understand better what closed-ended and focused questions need to be asked as part of a quantitative study.Conversely, quantitative methods might highlight particular issues, which could then be studied in more depth through the use Of qualitative methods and open-ended discussions. Also remember that quantitative data can result from qualitative methods and qualitative data can result from quantitative methods, such that the distinction between the 2 is often blurred. It is critical o note that the indicator does not necessarily pre-determine the data collection method. More often than not available resources and staff expertise will drive the decision to choose one data collection m ethod over another.