The Importance of Nuclear Power - 951 Words

Did you know nuclear power supplies about 17% of the world’s electricity? (Greenhalgh 1980). It is widely known that the main source of energy, fossil fuel, is being depleted and human population is constantly growing (Greenhalgh 1980). To prevent limiting energy in the future, alternative energy sources must be developed. Nuclear energy is believed to be the best alternative future energy source to replace current energy sources such as fossil fuels. Nuclear energy is superior in its abundance, environment conservation, and safety. Therefore, it should be justified and expanded. However, debatable concerns and weaknesses of nuclear energy challenge further promotion of the nuclear energy development. To accommodate dramatic increases of energy demand by humans, development of nuclear energy is crucial because nuclear energy is abundant. Fossil fuels, currently the biggest supply of energy source, are being depleted yet, energy demand is expected to quadruple by the end of the next century (Zaleski 2000). However, nuclear power can reduce oil dependency and prevent the increasing price of fossil fuel due to limited supply and increased demand. In fact, nuclear power is readily available and will last for hundreds of years as Uranium, the main generator of nuclear energy, is abundant in the ocean (Ferguson 2011). In fact, one pound of U-235, the fissionable material, is equivalent to 1400 tons of coal and to 6000 barrels of oil. The Colorado Plateau, one of many uraniumShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Government Infrastructural Investment for Nuclear Power Generation634 Words   |  2 PagesHow Important is Government Infrastructural Investment for Nuclear Power Generation? Introduction In an era when many industry analysts project peak oil will be reached by mid-century or sooner, identifying opportunities to promote alternative energy sources assumes new importance and relevance. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine the importance of government infrastructural investment for nuclear power generation. The research will show that these investments areRead MoreThe Effects Of Nuclear Energy On The World Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the use of nuclear energy around the world, there is also some varying attitudes when it comes to the development in nuclear energy. The nuclear energy proponents tout it as clean energy, since it does not emit the harmful gasses that are associated with fossil fuel. Moreover, the construction of nuclear power stations does not also emit much CO2 such since other sources of energy are used in powering the instruments used. The UAE has embarked on the construction of nuclear energy plant in aRea d MoreThe New Developments Of Nuclear Reactor Technology And Their Importance As A Safe And Base Load Energy Alternative821 Words   |  4 Pagesenergy security is of great importance in order to maintain and sustain the development of any growing economy. Therefore, this work will overview the new developments in nuclear reactor technology and their importance as a safe and base load energy alternative. Mainly, the focus will be on the Generation III (GIII), Generation IV (GIV) reactors and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and their safety and efficiency capabilities. A comparison will be held between the nuclear, solar and wind energy sourcesRead MoreChina s Nuclear Program And The State s Stance On Nuclear Weapons1471 Words   |  6 Pagesregards to nuclear power throughout the globe. China’s nuclear infrastructure and expansion has served as a foundation for China’s current nuclear energy industry. What is more, the People’s Republic of China, along with Fran ce, the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom, is one of the five states that are allowed to possess nuclear weapons as stablished by the Non-Proliferation Treaty. This paper aims to discuss the history behind China’s nuclear program and the state’s stance on nuclear weaponsRead MoreAn Integrated Grand Strategy For The International Order Over The Next 20 Years Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesmaintained and/or accomplished alone. The U.S. will need to maintain old alliances and develop new ones with emerging powers such as China, India, Russia, Japan, and Brazil. The U.S. will need to adopt a liberal realist strategy and take some necessary steps that would emphasize the importance of developing an integrated grand strategy with the combination of hard power and soft power. First step is the U.S. will need to do is enhance its relationship with China, because if the world’s two most powerfulRead MoreNuclear Power : A New Energy Source Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pageswhen found, the discovery always immediately prompts a race to use this newfound source. In accordance with this behavior, many sought to integrate nuclear power into society upon its development. The difference being nuclear energy is far more complicated and powerful than anything the field of energy has dealt with thus far. There are two types of nuclear reactions, fission and fusion; working reactors only using fission currently. In fission a neutron reacts with Uranium-235 to produce energy, twoRead MoreNuclear Power Plants and Nuclear Waste815 Words   |  3 PagesThe purpose of a nuclear power plant is to produce electricity for supporting increases in consumption. Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC) defines nuclear energy as â€Å"the energy released by a nuclear reac tion, especially by fission or fusion. In general terms, nuclear energy uses fuel made from mined and processed uranium to make steam and generate electricity† (ENEC 2011). Nuclear power plant currently producing electricity in the U.S include the Pressurized Water Reactor and the BoilingRead MoreThe Popularity of Green Parties Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesirreversible. It would be logical therefore to presume that due to this increasing importance of environmental issues in Europe that the Green Parties in Europe should prosper greatly. However in reality the success of the Green Parties in Europe has been severely hindered. Although it can be said that the Green Parties have experienced greater success in Europe as a result of the increasing importance of environmental issues, the extent to which they have been successful cannotRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Of 19621502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 reflects possibly the most precarious moment in nuclear history. For the first time, the world’s two nuclear super powers, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, were poised to destroy each other in a war of unprecedented proportion. On the brink of what may have escalated into a nuclear war, the leaders of two nations showed courageous restraint and diplomacy to avoid an exchange of brute force and unimaginable desolation. The situation wasRead MorePakistan And The Nuclear Bomb : Motivations Exposed Through A Constructivist Lens1681 Words   |  7 PagesPakistan and the Nuclear Bomb: Motivations Exposed through a Constructivist Lens Intro It is easy to try to frame the actions of the Pakistani government in its quest for nuclear weapons from a realist perspective. Essentially, this is to say that a realist views any state as a rational actor which desires to gain and maintain its own status as a world power player in a system of international anarchy – which is to say there is no entity superior to the state. Additionally, each state will seek

Gasoline Prices - 1309 Words

Gasoline Prices and State Sales Tax. According to Singers(Aug 24,2017), ITEP’S (July 2017), (July 2017), (Aug 2011), and(December 2011), higher sales and gas tax in Connecticut have consequences and a solution proposed to reduce tax burden on low income family. Based on the readings and my understanding of this topic, I conclude that increasing sales and gas taxes in Connecticut to fix a budget crisis will be financially harmful to low income families and needs to be addressed with the new policy. Singer(Aug 24,2017), pointed out that, Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase the sales tax from its current level to 6.85 percent to fix a budget deficit, estimated to reach $3.5 billion in two years and improve state aid to towns.†¦show more content†¦Comparing sales tax to other states shows that, Connecticut’s sales tax is not among the highest. According to Singers (Aug 24, 2017), the Connecticut 6.35 percent sales tax ranks thirty-two in the US. It is higher than certain state such as Mas sachusetts, and lower than others, such as Rode Island and New York. As Connecticut tries to grow its economy and fix it budgets crisis with higher sales tax, will create a financial problem for the lower and middle classes. â€Å"Based on estimate produced by ITEP data, low income families spend seventy-five percent of their income on items subjected to sales tax, higher than fifty percent spent by middle-income families and seventeen percent spent by the richest families†(ITEP). Considering this, the tax do not affect upper income families, but low and mid-income people who cannot afford the tax. Comparing gas tax to other states shows that, Connecticut’s gas tax is not among the highest. According to the graph provided by the ITEPS research report (July 2017), Connecticut’s four percent gas taxes is higher than certain states such as Kentucky, South Dakota, and Michigan, but lower than other states such as Alaska, Louisiana and New Mexico. As Connecticut trie s to grow its economy andShow MoreRelatedFactors, Fluctuating Gasoline Prices2323 Words   |  10 PagesMarch 2008. AMERICANS START TO CURB THEIR THIRST FOR GASOLINE. SLIDE 2 In recent years, the world s appetite for gasoline and diesel fuel grew so quickly that suppliers of these fuels had a difficult time keeping up with demand. We all know the situation with gasoline prices for the resent several years. The prices for gasoline had been changed rapidly. Mostly increasing, while the demand for it did not. For example, gasoline prices by Feb. 2008 rose to an average of $3.13 a gallon, thatRead MoreThe Price Of Gasoline Prices1662 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last ten years, gasoline prices have been increasing in Canada. Consumer spending on gasoline holds a large amount of total household expenditures. In 2009, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) calculated on average that Canadians spent about six percent of their total household budget on gasoline (Statistics Canada, 2013). Therefore, gasoline prices changes on consumer price inflation. In order to make gasoline, crude oil and refineries are required. When examined, gasoline and crude oil are twoRead M oreThe Price Of Gasoline Prices1437 Words   |  6 PagesTexas who drives a truck has felt glad about paying less money in regards to purchasing gasoline at a gas station. The truth is that the price of gasoline has been dramatically affected by the recent plunge in oil prices. There are different theories that explain the reason of this phenomenon. This paper will analyze the current oil market, as well as the key players who are winning the â€Å"war† of the oil prices. One of the theories that is used to explain this trend in the market is the one exposedRead MoreGasoline Prices765 Words   |  4 Pagespaper is Gasoline prices and potentially high state sales tax. According to Stephen Singer’s article (2017, August 24); Connecticut legislators are deciding to raise state sales tax and gas prices from its current rate to 6.85% to close a budget gap that’s predicted to reach $3.5 billion over two years to help lower state aid cut to towns. I disagree with the decision the legislators of Connecticut are making to fix budget gap with higher taxes on retail products and gasoline prices becauseRead MoreGasoline Prices702 Words   |  3 Pagespaper is Gasoline prices and potentially high state sales tax. According to Stephen Singer’s article (2017, August 24); Connecticut legislators are deciding to raise state sales tax and gas prices from its current rate to 6.85% to close a budget gap that’s predicted to reach $3 .5 billion over two years to help lower state aid cut to towns. I disagree with the decision the legislators of Connecticut are making to fix budget gap with higher taxes on retail products and gasoline prices becauseRead MoreHow Gasoline Prices Work3963 Words   |  16 PagesGas Prices Work Image Gallery: Hybrid Cars Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images High gas prices can make you stop and think about your commute. See hybrid car pictures to see models that save you money.In May 2008, average gas prices in the United States approached, and in some places passed, $4.00 a gallon, shattering records. But this was nothing new to American consumers. May was a month of records that broke one after another, and that came on the heels of months of rising prices. AndRead MoreGasoline Prices Are Many With Good Reason2154 Words   |  9 PagesWe all complain about the $4 gasoline prices -- many with good reason. Anyone who works 50 miles from home and gets 20 miles per gallon is using 5 gallons a day, or $20 just for their commute. That means they are spending $100 per week (not tax deductible) just to earn a living for their family. Across the nation, the average person uses at least 400 gallons of gasoline per year, or about 8,000 miles on an average car. At $4 per gallon, that is a hefty $133 per month for each family vehicleRead MoreEssay about Increasing Oil and Gasoline Prices 1030 Words   |  5 Pageshave seen rising oil and gasoline prices continuously over the last few decades. Each year is slightly higher than the last. However, we have seen a few instances where oil and gasoline prices have spiked rapidly enough to invoke the American public to stop spending or cut back. The first time in recent history was after the hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. Then, in July 2008 we saw a massive jump to the current record high national average of $4.50 per gallon of gasoline. Oil at this time was overRead More The Economic Factors Involved with the Rising Price of Gasoline2554 Words   |  11 Pageswith the Rising Price of Gasoline The year 2004 has seen a steady climb in the price of gasoline. From January of 2004 to May of 2004 there has been a jump of approximately .50 cents a gallon (Energy Information Administration). For many Americans high gas prices have been a hot issue with them, and there seems to be no rhyme or reason to these fluctuations. With the continued popularity of the sport-utility vehicle and the high volume of gasoline it requires, theRead MoreSupply And Demand of Gasoline Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesSupply and Demand: Gasoline I am a husband and a father of four lovely children. We need a large vehicle to haul all of us around town. And of course I would do anything to keep them safe and I always want to provide them with the best. Therefore, after the birth of our fourth child two and a half years ago, my wife and I decided to upgrade our Ford Explorer to a Ford Expedition. We got everything from the side-curtain airbags to the TV and DVD player. What we did not know was we also purchased

Humans, Omnivorous or Vegetarians Free Essays

Some people are ‘meat lovers’ while others fiercely reject the idea of humans eating meat. Perceptions and love/hate for meat vary according to each ideological frame and culture. However, this informative essay will not address the perceptions and preferences that people might have. We will write a custom essay sample on Humans, Omnivorous or Vegetarians or any similar topic only for you Order Now It depends on a scientific debate with those who think that prehistoric man was vegetarian in nature and therefore humans should not eat meat and those who think that humans have always been omnivorous which means that we can eat seeds, grains, plants, fruits, but also animals.Through this essay I will defend that it is normal and natural that humans eat meat, in contrast with the vegetarian’s arguments, however it is healthier if we do not eat great amounts of meat per week. An argument defending human as vegetarian is centered on the characteristics of the human body compared to carnivorous animals. It argues that because humans don’t have claws or pointed teeth we shouldn’t eat meat. However, I found that the digestive and dental system of homo sapiens serves as an example on omnivorous adjustment because the incisor teeth and canine are good to tear cooked meat into pieces, whereas the molars are needed to grind vegetable matter. Furthermore, vegetarians argue that carnivorous animals have smaller intestines than humans because raw meat needs to be defecated faster, so it won’t turn bad before it can be digested. However one argument to counter this position is that humans can’t be totally vegetarian either because plant material containing fiber and cellulose cannot be efficiently broken down by the enzymes our stomachs secrete and because humans have simple-chamber stomach while herbivores have multiple-chamber stomach. This reinforces the argument that humans are omnivorous because our bodies are not totally prepared for such big amounts of meat, like carnivorous animals, nor for all kinds of plants. Rather we should have a balanced meal. Another argument sustained by vegetarians is that the man came before the fire and therefore humans only ate fruits and vegetables. Further that human disguise the meat with culinary preparations because â€Å"we cannot tolerate raw meat†. However, I found out that It all depends on a matter of evolution and adaptability. If we go back thousands of hundreds years ago when humans where similar to chimpanzees, maybe the vegetarian argument is true: humans were vegetarian. But with the same logic as we started walking on two feet because it became a necessity, our body adapted to eat meat when frost came over and eliminated all plants and fruits. Therefore, humans evolved. Homo sapiens started using pointed weapons so claws fell to disuse, homo sapiens discovered fire and found out that it made the meat softer so our canines got smaller. Our molars got flatter because of the cooked-meat diet, as well as the infusion of fruits, nuts and veggies. Furthermore, the vegetarian argument that â€Å"everything that the human body needs can be found in natural vegetation†, does not mean that we are, in fact, vegetarian. Rather it means that if one person decides to be a vegetarian, he/she can survive without the proteins provided by meat. Therefore, being vegetarian is a personal decision, not a fact applying for everyone. One should decide consciously what type of food you want to eat, but bearing in mind that eating meat is not a bad thing for our body per se because our body is prepared to it, along with fruits and vegetables. Most uninformed vegetarians argue that meat is causing health issues, but the truth is that the today’s growing population is demanding great amounts of food focusing on quantity over quality. Many animals are been feed with steroids while fruits are been cultivated with chemical substances. How to cite Humans, Omnivorous or Vegetarians, Essay examples

Energy & Sustainability Consultant to the UN

Questions: Provide discussion related to the oil and gas companies challenges and benefits as they divert their energy sources into renewable energy, and what exactly sustainable development means to them. Answer: Introduction Oil companies strive to meet their present needs without compromising future generations abilities for meeting their needs (Barrow, 2006, p. 112) To ensure sustainable development; oil companies have a high degree of concern on the strategies applicable to reduce the adverse effects caused by their operations on the natural environment. The effects of oil and gas production on the environment increases day to day and therefore, should get responsibly managed. Environmentally conscious operations need to be applied so as to promote effectiveness in the business operations all over the globe (Margerum, 2008, p. 500). The purpose of this paper is analyzing alternative means available to ensure the sustainable development of oil and gas industries, and evaluate the measures taken by government and consumers to strengthen sustainability in the oil and gas production industry. Effects of Energy Production on the Environment Oil production has adverse effects on the environment, and this remains to be the primary cause of climate change and global warming (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). The following are various adverse effects of energy generation to environmental sustainability.' Atmospheric effects Oil and gas production gets accompanied by the emission of harmful gasses such as carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, volatile organic carbons, and nitrogen oxides. The increased emissions of these toxic substances to the environment results in depletion of ozone layer and this is a threat to the human ecosystem (Redcliff, 2005, p. 220). Establishment of manufacturing sites requires cutting down of trees. Deforestation results in climate changes and an overall cause for global warming a hazard which are harmful to human and animal life. Socio-economic and cultural effects Exploration operations in the oil and gasses production induce detrimental effects on the economic, social, and cultural changes in the environment. Waste disposals are harmful to people and animals health while the establishment of manufacturing sites leads to dislocation of individuals from their habitat (Barbier, 1987, p. 108). Transportation systems while moving oil products from one place to another causes noise and accidents thus creating adverse effects on the natural resources. Oil production results to climate changes, and this adversely affects the normal living conditions of people. Aquatic impacts Exploration and production operations produce to aqueous waste streams. Poor effluent disposal mechanisms of sewerage water, drilling fluids, domestic wastes, and oil spills in aquatic environments is fatal (Brungs, 1973, p. 2180). Disposal of toxic constituents of the production process in water adversely affects the life of marine organisms. Ocean, lakes and seas discharges of water based mud and cuttings negatively affect benthic organisms from their discharge. Ecosystem effects Oil and gas production impacts negatively on the environment. Plants and animals may be directly affected by environmental variations caused by the consequences of oil and gas production. For example, improper disposal of oil effluents in water leads to the death of fish and other animals living in water (Camargo Alonso, 2006, p. 833). Explosives in the air and soil lead to the ultimate death of animals who survive in that environment. Direct effect on the ecology has secondary implications for the predators, if this gets not controlled, then a potential long-term effect on fauna and flora may be induced. Terrestrial Impacts Physical disturbance from construction and environmental contaminations from spillage and leakage of oil and gas while being manufactured or transported has a great capacity to damage the habitat (Barrow, 1991, p. 2). Poor design of building sites leads to soil erosion due to poor soil structure and topography. Once trees are cut down, land erosion takes place resulting in increased siltation and habitat damage (Camargo Alonso, 2006, p. 840). Habitat loss reduces the environmental capacity to support any vegetation and wildlife an effect which results in secondary ecological problems. Benefits of Environmentally Sustainable Development Environmental sustainable development conserves and enables the communitys natural resources to maintain total life quality. Sustainable development requires effective integration of environmental, social, governmental, and economic considerations in decision-making processes(Pearce Atkinson, 1993, p. 106). Good environmental management meets the demands of the current ecology without interfering with the ability of future generations. Environmental management for sustainable development has numerous advantages to the ecology some of which include: Better and efficient utilization of resources by establishing policies and procedures that reduce unnecessary expenditures. Running an excellent environmental management system that encourages better regulatory compliance about the environmental operations. The easier raising of investment funds from the banks and other financial institutions to control the environmental effects. Environmentally sustainable development assists a company to adequately market their oil and gas products in the market and thereby establishing a firm stance in the market. Strategies for Ensuring Sustainable Development Energy crisis threatens the ability to achieve sustainable development for energy producing companies. Addressing challenges that face global sustainable development in oil industries, a worldwide development agenda should be formed to facilitate transformation in the way oil and gas products get produced (Pearce Atkinson, 1993, p. 108). Another important issue to get addressed is designing sound strategies that govern how management of natural resources in the business environment should get conducted. Inclusive strategies and technology innovation Transformational actions need to get taken by developing inclusive and sustainable development policies that caring for all stakeholders' interests in the company. Collaborative strategies should be action oriented and addressed in a method that encourages significance changes in oil production processes (Hekkert, et al., 2007, p. 432). The business environment suffers from negative externalities which result from the actual production of energy products; examples include environmental pollution and population inequities (Barrow, 2006, p. 113). Technology helps in enhancing this sustainable development by factoring in all the crucial changes in the consumption patterns, and creating necessary technological phases that reorganize the entire economy. The primary goals for sustainable development are poverty alleviation, promotion of sustainable consumption patterns, efficient production, and protection and management of natural resources. Environmental management for sustainable development should be designed to bring a substantial reorganization in the natural environment as well as coming up with strategies that favor society's lifestyles (Redcliff, 2005, p. 225). The global sustainable development changes involve significant price adjustments, firm dedication to natural environment preservation, the introduction of environmental accounting, and strengthening of public spheres of the real economy. Carrying out sustainable production and consumption Management authorities should intensify and make it mandatory for producers to apply for cleaner production patent rights that increase efficiency in the production of natural resources as well as decreasing emission of effluents and pollutants to the environment (Barrow, 2006, p. 118). Establishing laws which discourage disposal of harmful effluents to the environment protects the quality ecological environment and people's health for a long-term sustainable development. Production companies should develop an environmentally friendly consumption strategy or culture. Gradual changes should be made to implement green labels that promote adjacent markets and sensitive community initiatives for sustainable production and consumption (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). Enhancing adequate management for a sustainable environmental development requires the application of policies aimed at limiting unethical consumption, production, and disposal behavior should be made mandatory. Development of clean and renewable energies that maintain sustainable economic growth Management should develop green growth models that encourage the establishment of low carbon economy in the business environment. Developing clean and renewable sources of energy helps in establishing a cheap and adequate consumption strategy of power (Camargo Alonso, 2006, p. 844). The oil and gas industries should gradually implement market-based energy charges that factor in an improved ratio of clean and renewable energy. It is favorable to come up with a system of environmental accounting that add value in ensuring development and sustainability in the natural environment. The companies should establish an environmentally friendly technology that makes it possible to pursue sustainable development in the industrial sector with the assistance of a well laid professional based structure (Adams, 2003, p. 312). The company should come up with proactive actions that can reduce industrial pollution and develop the green industry to provide priorities in their development agenda of the business environment (Pearce Atkinson, 1993, p. 103). Transformations channeled in the environmental industry results to the general improvement of the company's investment sector. Consumer Actions for Sustainable Development Consumer markets businesses remain the primary challenge to energy industries sustainability in the environment. Users of oil and gas companies adopt business policies that assist them in sustaining both natural and human resources in a rapid phase. Consumers of energy products face the challenge of establishing sustainable corporate practices to useful in delivering services that may curb this problem (Young, et al., 2010, p. 20). Consumer markets of the firms try to come up with initiatives, measures, and adequate reporting procedures that strengthen sustainability in the development of oil and gas enterprises as discussed below. Climbing the corporate agenda Consumers of oil products have made a step forward to enhance the company's growth by taking up business plans to raise their opinions on the measures applicable in reducing environmental pollution. Despite harsh economic environment depressions that force the oil industry to focus on the immediate goals, consumers create plans that make this strategy operate on a long term basis (Young, et al., 2010, p. 31). Customers raise concerns on how the companies manage risks associated with sustainability issues, something which impacts significantly on the overall conservation of the environment. Brand enhancements Clients of oil and gas companies adopt sustainability steps that further brand improvement in a manner that influences the sustainability agenda of the millennium development goals. Consumers remain to be the leading influencers of market trends for the companies, and this is important (Young, et al., 2010, p. 30). Customer tastes, preferences, and demands dictate which oil products the company should deliver in the market, meeting customer needs makes a company gain a competitive advantage over the other businesses. Therefore, consumers employ a sustainable objective for energy industries to thrive in the market. Actions Taken by the Government to Strengthen Sustainable Development Concerns for reducing oil production effects on the environment and human health remains a point of debate all over the world. Sustainable business climate development involves the application of thriving principles on the enterprises day to day operations. The government is one major stakeholder in the industry having unremarkable interests on the performance of the business (Redcliff, 2005, p. 224). For effective reduction of the hazardous effects of oil and gas production, the government takes necessary actions that may help strengthen the businesss sustainability in a going concern as discussed below. Good government develops and maintains strategies, policies, and programs that help companies to achieve their set goals. Through governmental assistance, oil companies get enabled to make informed decisions that factor in the interests of all their stakeholders (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). The government maintains a democratic system that promotes business sustainability in the environment. Good government supports sustainable economic strategies that enhance the establishment of a healthy business climate. The government plays major roles in establishing sustainable development of firms in the ecological environment some of which include: The government attempts to fund the basic science infrastructure required by the companies for renewable energy and renewable resource technology. The government establishes tax systems and other financial tools. Taxes get charged to ensure that businesses carry out only activities which they are entitled to operate. The government encourages companies to invest in renewable energy and other sustainability concepts for the oil industries. The government establishes regulations governing the use of land by business institutions in attempts of the minimizing destruction of ecosystems (Watson, et al., 2010, p. 33). The government sets and enforces environmental laws to protect the environment and maximize resource efficiency. Conclusion States require advanced sustainability policies for business development. Oil companies have poor strategies for implementing their investments in renewable energy resources sector. Poor strategies remain to be a significant threat that creates difficulties in promoting sustainable developments in the business environment. This results in the release of waste effluents to the environment and thus posing a major challenge for climate change and at extreme circumstances leading to global warming (Redcliff, 2005, p. 227). Climate changes pose major sustainable development challenges for it affects the agricultural sectors, aquatic resources, food security, natural disasters, and other concerns of sustainable development. Government actions, effective regulations and enforcement, and inclusive planning remain critical to sustainable development. Promoting sustainable development needs the legislative authorities to formulate laws that put the public sector services at heart. Consumer actions may act as a reliable source for enhancing a sustainable development of oil companies in the business environment (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). Therefore, actions should be taken to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as coming up with strategies that the oil industry can apply to adapt to climate changes in case they happen in future. References Adams, W. M., 2003. Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World. S.l.: Routledge. Barbier, E. B., 1987. The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development. Environmental conservation, II(14), pp. 101-110. Barrow, C., 1991. Land Degradation: Development and Breakdown of Terrestrial Environments. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barrow, C., 2006. Environmental Management for Sustainable Development. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Brungs, W. A., 1973. Effects of Residual Chlorine on Aquatic Life. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, pp. 2180-2193. Camargo, J. A. Alonso, A., 2006. Ecological and Toxicological Effects of Inorganic Nitrogen Pollution in Acquatic Ecosystems: A Global Assessment. Environment International, 6(32), pp. 831-849. Hekkert, M. P. et al., 2007. Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, IV(74), pp. 413-432. Lahdelma, R., Salminen, P. Hokkanen, J., 2000. Using Multi-Criteria Methods in Environmental Planning and Management. Environmental Management, VI(26), pp. 595-605. Margerum, R. D., 2008. A Typology of Collaboration Efforts in Environmental Management. Environmental Management, IV(41), pp. 487-500. Pearce, D. W. Atkinson, G. D., 1993. Capital Theory and the Measurement of Sustainable Development: An Indicator of "Weak" Sustainability. Ecological Economics, II(8), pp. 103-108. Redcliff, M., 2005. Sustainable Development(1987-20050: An Oxymoron Comes of Age. Sustainable Development, IV(13), pp. 212-227. Smit, B. Pilifosova, O., 2003. Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity. Sustainable Development, IX(8), p. 9. Watson, R. T., Boudreau, M.-C. Chen, A. J., 2010. Information Systems and Environmentally Sustainable Development: Energy Informatics and New Directions for the IS Community. MIS Quarterly, pp. 23-38. Young, W., Hwang, K., McDonald, S. Oates, J., 2010. Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer Behavior When Purchasing Products. Sustainable Development, I(18), pp. 20-31.

Natural and the Environmental protection

Introduction The impact of business operations on the environment has emerged to be a major concern especially in the developed economies. This is accompanied by the rising external pressures and internal motivation for environmentally sustainable business practices (Delmas Toffel 2005, p.4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural and the Environmental protection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various causes have significantly contributed to the current environmental crisis. Those who argue for environment-friendly business practices have presented notable common causes that relate to natural environment protection. They claim that the causes emanate because of the escalating demands for natural resources by corporations. Further, the intense machine utilization which emits harmful substances that degrade and consequently damage the natural environment is another factor which necessitates corporation to prote ct and equally care about the natural environment. The consumers’ strong inclination and preference to merchandises which are inexpensive yet prove not to be environmental friendly as opposed to expensive environmental friendly products has also been suggested as a factor that obliges corporations to partake activities that protect the natural environment (Selin VanDeveer 2006, p.11). However, many people have noted lack of any important relationship between the environment and corporations. The lingering argument is that environmental responsibility is politically-oriented and corporations should always focus on their respective core businesses. As a result, this paper attempts to answer the question â€Å"Should a corporation care about and protect the natural environment?† Apparently, environmental protection can be an opportunity to strengthen the relationship between a corporation and its stakeholders as well as a strategy to create competitive advantage. The env ironment and corporate stakeholders The execution of environmental management practices in any corporation is influenced by stakeholders like consumers, suppliers, legislators, employees and customers. In particular, consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious while the increasing green market segment prefers ecologically sound goods and services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, these consumers are eager to sacrifice some economic development for environmental protection. Suppliers also exercise substantial pressure on business partners particularly for adoption of environmental certificates and establishment of management systems like ISO 14001, Eco-Management and Audit Scheme. Since the stakeholders are the key success factors to any corporation, environmental management leads to better practices which can influence the competitive position of a corporati on by imposing investment demands, new costs and efficiency (Williamson, Lynch-Wood Ramsay 2006, p.320). For instance, environmental initiatives may stem from concerns expressed by customers expecting the corporation to behave in a socially responsible manner within the society they operate in. In such a situation, the response that a firm gives to such concerns will determine its success within that society. This success has been observed in Toyota Motor Corp. which uses environmental sustainability initiatives to win customer loyalty. Adopting environmental protection measures offers corporations the opportunity to cater for and protect the natural environment while at the same time helping them to improve their competitive advantage. Bansal and Roth (2000, p.722) observed that corporations take ecological measures for reasons of competitiveness, legitimation and social responsibility. It is also suggested that environmental management can lead to broader range of benefits such a s cost saving, efficiency, waste reduction, positive image, marketing advantages, better media coverage, strong relationship with stakeholders, lower insurance premiums, improved staff motivation and improved overall quality. As Simpson, Taylor and Barker (2004, p.169) noted, the ability of corporations to gain competitive advantage is related to issues of marketing, operations strategy, product development as well as the processes and technologies of manufacturing. Developing competitive advantage through environmental protection There are two common theories in business context for acquiring competitive advantage. First is the industrial organization theory that is based on the work of Meyers (1992, p.257-259) and the second one is the resource-based theory (Barney 1991, p.92).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural and the Environmental protection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various researches that rela te environmental management to competitive advantage in corporation derive from organizational theory which suggests the organization of business operations in a value chain. The theory also highlights the difference between differentiation advantages and cost advantages. Porter (1985, p.31) insisted that value creation activities performed by the corporation to design, manufacture, market and support a product result from competitive advantage. Most of the primary activities will probably improve with the use of environmental management techniques such as waste control. A good example is lean production used by manufacturing firms and has been associated with competitive advantage. Cost advantages stem from pollution control, prevention technologies as well as corporate practices that increase production efficiency through waste management. Differentiation advantages result from enhancing product features to be environmentally friendly and creating new environmentally-friendly prod ucts alongside marketing the correlated environmental benefits. Resource-based theory views the corporation as a unique collection of resources including assets, capabilities and knowledge. The firm can use these resources to envisage and execute strategies that enhance their effectiveness and efficiency. The competitive advantage results from rare resources that come from organizational circumstances. Thus, environmental management initiatives can lead a corporation to acquire competitive advantage especially when it cannot be easily copied by others. However, environmental management should not only be considered as a social or legal responsibility, but as a venture that will enhance the efficiency of a corporation and give a competitive edge. Conclusion Apparently, a corporation should care about and protect the natural environment. This is not only for the sake of legal and social fulfillment as may tend to suggest, but for the sake of the business per se. In fact, environmental management is a good approach to strengthening the relationship between the firm and the important stakeholders. It helps in creating a competitive advantage by meeting the demands of any strategic endeavor. References Bansal, P Roth, K 2000, â€Å"Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness†, Academy of Management Journal, vol.43, no.4, pp.717-736.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Barney, JB 1991, â€Å"Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage†, Journal of Management, vol.17, no.1, pp. 99-120. Delmas, MA Toffel, MW 2005, Institutional pressure and environmental management, ISBER Publications, California. Meyers, C 1992, â€Å"The corporation, its members, and moral accountability†, Business Ethics: A Philosophical Reader, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. Porter, ME 1985, Competitive advantage, The Free press, New York. Selin, H VanDeveer, S 2006, â€Å"Raising global standards: Hazardous substances and e-waste management in the European Union†, Environment, vol.48, no.10, pp.6–18. Simpson, M, Taylor, N Barker, K 2004, â€Å"Environmental responsibility in SMEs: Does it deliver competitive advantage†, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol.13, no.4, pp.154-171. Williamson, D, Lynch-Wood, G Ramsay, J 2006, â€Å"Drivers of environmental behavior in manufacturing SMEs and the implications for CSR†, J ournal of Business Ethics, vol.67, no.6, pp.317-330. This essay on Natural and the Environmental protection was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The sidewalk of bleeding essays

The sidewalk of bleeding essays When I finished reading this novel, I was left a deep impression about plot themes. This story has a great deal of power with teenager issues of gangs, sense of identity, belonging. I recall one famous quotation, come inside and meet some of the people who live there. It refers to a connection with this short story, to be outsiders observating the people who live there, to find their desire and struggle. This is a short story took place in a rainy day and that details the final moments of a young gang members life whose name is Andy. Andy is a teenager who has been stabbed because he wears the purple jacket of The Royals. The stabbing takes place after Andy has left his girl friend, Laura, to go and buy a pack of cigarettes. After being stabbed, Andy renounces his being a Royal, because at first, he still feels proud of being a member of gangs. Until realizing that he is dying and that he does not want to be identified as only as a gang member, so he struggles to remove the purple jacket what identifies him as a Royal. I chose this story for its themes of how it dealt with the conflict of recognizing an individuals identity. The main reason why I chose this theme is based on the developing storyline. In the story that it allowed for a very clean and clear tie back into the different perceptions that Andy has changed. At first, he wanted to show others that he was a royal, but a t last he realizes that there is no pride in being a Royal. He also begins to doubt the meaning in being a Royal. He finally comes to the realization that he is going to die-he was stabbed because he is a Royal and he is now dying because he is a Royal and no one will help him. He was really small compared to the whole world. Finally he uses all of his remaining strength to remove his Royals jacket, and he thought he would no longer identify with the gang. Before his death he wants to be known as Andy, an individual per...

The Effects of Overfishing on Oceans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Effects of Overfishing on Oceans - Essay Example Integrated approach in coastal and ocean resources management must be applied. The tranquility of the sea was at late 1967 and was unhurriedly being disrupted by technological interventions, accelerating and multiplying uses, and a dynamic rivalry which poised to cross the threshold of man's precious seabed (United Nations, 1998). At that time, both dangers and promises were upheld while the dangers were abundant: nuclear submarines charting or documenting deep waters which were never before explored. Supertankers ferrying oil starting Middle East to European going to other ports, then, they pass along congested straits and leaving at the rear tracking of oil spills. These resulted to the rising tensions between nations greater than conflicting claims to ocean regions and resources. Levenson in 1996 stated that ( p 100, par 2), marine resources are severely affected by a broad range of natural as well as human perturbations, such as pollutants from human effluents. Wastes can take place directly in marine waters, although it can also indirectly be transported to the sea by rivers. Several studies can support that pollutants have originated from human activities and have resulted in an extensive diversity of impacts on water quality, marine organisms and sediment quality. Moreover, poisons or toxic chemicals introduced in coastal waters would jeopardize marine life. A toxic chemical (Seger, 2006) is a substance which can cause death or unfavorable sublethal effects in marine organisms exposed to it at certain level of concentration above a critical threshold. Many substances which are considered toxic at high levels may inhibit the life and growth of marine organisms. Anthropogenic inputs of deadly substances can be absorbs safely in the oceans but the quantity introduced does not source concentrations to go beyond the threshold at which sub lethal toxicity exists.All the more, sub lethal or lethal toxicity entry concentrations are difficult to establish because they vary among substances, among species, and with other factors, like the physical stresses, synergistic as well as antagonistic ef fects of further chemical constituents. Usually, it is the marine organisms which bioaccumulate the majority of toxic essences. Bioaccumulation occurs if and when, the concentration in the organism is elevated compare to the environmental concentration; however, the concentrations are in equilibrium. On the other hand, biomagnification takes place when the organism preserves all the toxic substance from food or environment that they have been exposed to and does not remove any of the substance. Lethal substances to marine life include carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and can product lethal or sublethal effects. Similarly, Joint Ocean Commission Initiative ( 2009, par 2-6) reiterated that, decline of fish products will produce impacts on fishing communities and this in turn, poses a dramatic threat to people's significant cultural heritage, source of food, income, and

Why the Elmhurst Cafeteria Should Extend Their Hours of Operation Essay

Why the Elmhurst Cafeteria Should Extend Their Hours of Operation - Essay Example For many reasons related to this inefficient combination of order and disorder, it would be of tremendous benefit to the health of students if Elmhurst cafeteria were required to extend their hours of operation. College, of course, is the final destination on the journey meant to take humans from childhood to adulthood and it is certainly not coincidental that with each progression upward through the educational system the students are rewarded with more leniency in terms of structure. As students progress from elementary school to high school and then into college, they are granted more freedom in terms of which subjects they can study and when they are allowed to take those classes. But one thing that seems to change very little if at all is the opportunity to eat. While the lunch time may be far more structured during the lower levels of the education system, there is still a reliance upon that structure even into college. Students are still expected to congregate at the institutionalized times for breakfast, lunch and dinner; post-dinner food choicers are virtually ignored. Unfortunately, college study habits don't conform to that old-fashioned structure.

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone Essay

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone - Essay Example Creon had passed over the instructions that forbade everybody to bury the dead body of Polyneices. Creon wanted the dead body of Polyneices to rot and get eaten up by wild animals and vultures because Polyneice had died as a traitor in an attempt to attack the city. Antigone, like many people in her time, held a belief that the souls of deceased people remain restless as long as they are not buried. Not only did Antigone take a stand against Creon’s decision of leaving Polyneices’ body unburied, she actually took practical measures that prove her sincerity. However, it was not easy to go against the consent of the powerful ruler of the time. When Antigone had decided to bury her brother’s dead body, she knew she was going to risk her life and was most likely to be assassinated for her act. However, the fear of worldly punishment could not keep her from carrying out the orders of her gods. Not only did Antigone comply with the standards of morality on burying the dead body of Polyneice, but also, she would not let Ismene take the charge for having done the job because this would put Ismene into trouble. This causes the reader to draw conclusions about Antigone that she was daring, courageous, bold, prudent and considerate. She offered so much importance to her moral values that she would happily embrace death to live up to them.

Communication Skills and Ethical Practice in IT Service

Communication Skills and Ethical Practice in IT Service Harpreet Singh TASK 1 Definition of Intra and Interpersonal Communication. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION It has taken place within a single person who observes the situation and creates ideas. For example, there is the ongoing case in a court two lawyer protect their clients by arguing with each other and the judge is the person who is observing the situation and take the decision. Interpersonal communication totally depends on some various aspects like self-concept, perception, and expectation. Self-concept This concept is totally an initial stage of intrapersonal communication, its depend on how a person behave while talking with other and his body language how he is using gestures also his attitude toward the person is he intend to listen to that person although the most import thing is value for the person to whom he is talking all these things define the persons Internal understanding with himself there are lots of things that can affect self-concept. Perception Perception in the simple language what is you thinking about others it can be a person or anything. Expectation Expectation means you expecting something from another person in returns, for example, if you are giving a gift to your friend then you might expect something from him on your birthday. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Interpersonal communication is happening between or more two persons, it supposed to be Face to face communication it can be via video calling or interviewer interview candidate so he will ask questions direct away to the interviewee to make the conversation more clear and check that persons IQ level or reaction how he reacts. This type of communication will create a long-term relation between two people because they are sharing their feelings or idea. Interpersonal communication can be done to motivate a person so he can elaborate his in front of public or anyplace it will boost the confidence of a person. This type of communication can be done verbally and non-verbally through messages or emails etc. There are various aspects of Interpersonal communication skills. Interpersonal communication will increase organizational skills like face to face meeting, it can also enhance group communication skill so that a person can speak in the front of the group of people with the confidence. But this skill should be used in the organization. For instance handling an angry customer. It will also add up written communication skills like writing emails to clients in a formal way or writing messaging in daily life is the best example of informal written communication skills. Listening skills plays a vital role in interpersonal communication skills a good communicator always a good listener if a person is not listening other people then he does not have good communication skills. (Faculty buffalostate) Verbal and Non-verbal communication. There are many situations when you tried to explain something but you are not able to explain because of the different language or lack of listening skill or might be some other reason in the day to day life. For example when I came to Auckland I face many problems to adopting kiwi accent or the way they speak so my flight land to Auckland airport, no one is there to pick me up and I asked one of the kiwis in the airport how to reach city he replied me sorry because their accent is different from us then I tried to explain him via my gestures then he understand a bit but not exact what I am trying to tell him then he told me to ask someone who knows your local language by gesture as I am new here to its take too much time to understand their accent for me then as I wrote it down on the piece of paper and he wrote on that paper hire a cab ,then I understand what he is trying to say this the first incident happened with me. After that one day, I tried to identify the barriers like wher e I am lacking and why other people dont understand my accent. Language Barriers: In this as we interact with each other in the same language but speaker use some high vocabulary words that are not used in day to day tasks and the listener not able to understand the meaning of that certain words here the language barriers falls. Like when I came here in Auckland I dont know much about kiwis accent and they use some high vocabulary words that I dont even hear before. Psychological Barriers:- In my situation that kiwi guy might be angry on me but he didnt react that way because he knows how to manage stress or anger in that situation so basically managing stress or anger and giving a feedback is all about overcoming psychological barriers. Cross-cultural barriers:- In this two person having different cultures and values like that kiwi having totally different culture as compare to me so this barrier might fall while I am trying to interact with him. Role of personality and self-management in the learning environment. The role of personality It plays a vital role in the learning environment because it shows the characteristics of a person like his style to speak with his collages and other people around him, behavior, attitude, and how he convey people with his sweetness, calmness and how he seeing the world is all about personality. If that person is not has attitude of learning new things then no one would take him seriously, so the personality in the learning environment is like how a person indulge in curriculum activities, research, active listening, attitude toward his teacher, study and putting question to gain some knowledge like if a person is not interested in a particular subject then he is lacking somewhere he had to show interest if he wants to build a good personality. The role of self-management Self-management refers to how a person manages himself and managing his time, setting aims, self-motivation, building patience, avoid stress, assessing yourself and solving your problem. If you have this kind of skills so your learning will never bother you and it will become a fun activity which helps you to grab more opportunities in your life. Some strategies that will definitely help you in learning environments are:- Time Management Strategies Time management is managing your time whole performing day to day activities. In this, you set your priority like which work is more important for you, how you make a plan to do that tasks and you should utilize that given time period as you can. For example if you are working on a project in the corporate sector then there are certain deadline set by them so its depend upon you how complete that project by making some plan and splitting the work among employees, make a commitment like if there is deadline given by company then you set your deadline before company deadline so the project has to be done between that time period and you achieve your goal. Attitude Strategies Set an attitude because once you set it then other people around you will never judge you like dont make excuses other people around you can take your excuse as their advantage. Concentration Focus on your works dont let other people distract your concentration be an active listener, make a list of task in your mind that you have to perform, try to make busy yourself so you can avoid stress and achieve your goals. (student-learning.tcd.ie, n.d.) Task (2) Example of Intercultural miss-communication. First of all what is culture A culture everything you learn about how to speak, how to behave, how to think about of the things like how you think about another person, these things you will be learned by talking with you neighborhoods, parents, teachers and most important is how you observe them by listening actively. Like Your neighborhood can be a Sikh they go to the Gurudwaras on Sunday and you are following them very steadily here culture falls it is totally your observation towards the world. Now Intercultural communication is two people following different culture their language is diff their dresses sense is diff they hardly talk with each other this is intercultural comm. For example a person working in a company he might be a Christian and there is lots of Hindu working the way that Christian talks are totally different his Facial expression, eye contact, gesture, behavior will create miss-communication between that Hindu worker because they are comfortable to talk to their mother language and another person might have diff mother language so here intercultural miss-communication lies. Case Study: Selena should not have burst out without knowing whats that gesture means for them. It was rude of her to have shouted such words on George. George disrespectfully calling someone for help. As if they have hired you. A communication breakdown happens when two parties cannot understand each other language or gesture. In this case, Selena belonging to the South Asian culture misunderstood what raising a hand and snapping figure could mean in Auckland. Mr. George had snapped his fingers in the air to aware Selena that he needs help. However, in South Asian culture snapping fingers to get someones attention is considered very disrespectful and that you are being dominated by other person. The same gesture having different meanings in different cultures led to a communication breakdown in this case. No, nothing was unreasonable or inconsiderate their behaviors. Both of them were unaware of the different meaning of the gesture and so their reactions were justified. However, since Selena is new to the country she should have learnt some of the kiwi gestures and phrases commonly used. Before bursting out on George she could have asked him what that means or told him its a disrespectful gesture in her culture. Task (3) Advantages and Disadvantages of working in a team Advantages 1 Work has been divided equally A leader having a certain work pressure on him to control this pressure he divides the work to among employee in his team and he makes sure there will be no partiality of workload everyone will put equal effort to complete that work before the deadline. 2 More people more ideas If there is more member in the team then there will be more ideas and creativity in the work it will take your team to another level of the working environment. 3 Enhance leadership skills- Working in a team will always open up your fear of public speaking, it will improve your communication skill and how you present yourself also your initiative in the team you have to put your legs in the hot water. It motivates you lot by sharing your ideas, views etc. 4 Responsibilities have been shared- As I told earlier if the work is divided equally then the responsibilities has also been shared because someone is perfect is some task so the leader should decide which task is given to the which person who can utilize it properly. 5 Relationship Working in the team environment will always build up the good relationship with among team members see the ups and down will happen but at the end, if the work is done effectively and the result is above expectation then it will always create better understanding and a good relation. Disadvantages 1 If something went wrong everyone in the team should be blamed.- When you are performing a team work then you always ensure that is everything thing should be going smoothly if one of the team members did mistake then remember everyone in the team will be blamed. 2 Misunderstanding- Misunderstanding happens when there is miscommunication between all team member like there is a team of 5 members and the leader is giving different tasks to each member and when the team member talk with each other they come to know something else like he has been given the same task to all team member it will create confusions and misunderstanding between him and among team members. 3 Partiality of work- A leader is doing work to overcome from his work pressure when he is giving work to the member of his team who capable more than that limited work other will think this is partiality, they will think he might be his very good friend thats why he is giving him a simple task so the partiality of the work is always there if your leader is doesnt having that observing skill he should know the capability of a person and utilize him as per his capacity. 4 less flexibility Less flexibility leads to late submissions of projects because if the team members are not flexible with each other and they might have to do their own tasks not talking with other might have some ego it will destroy many things. 5 Ideas Collisions Most important thing while performing in the team more people more ideas different people different thinking so there might be confusion for selecting ideas for a leader he has to think of all team members. Factors that affect team performance. TASK1: LIFTING A CAR THAT IS AGROUND IN THE BEACH In this task 4 team member required equal power, coordination, motivation and timing. I will explain each factor required to lifting a car. 1 Equal power: The first most important factor in this all the member in the team should be physically fit and able to put equal power to lift the car. if one of the team members is not fit then it will trouble a lot, the car might be fallen down on his hand. 2 Co-ordination: If you dont coordinate with all team member and you have a plan to pull the car then how can you lift it so make a plan and explain to each teaches member how its work. 3 Motivation: Motivation is the requirement to force him-self, yes you can do it so can do attitude will boast your motivation and you will be indulging in all activities automatically that are performing by your all team members. 4 Timing: If you have all those 3 factors in your team then this will lead you to lift the car by setting a time on that all the team member pull the car together and it will lift easily. TASK2: CLIMBING TO EVEREST To climbing the Everest a team leader must be an experienced one, he should also listen to all the team member because this task requires lots of force one step wrong it will lead to death. In this, each member has to perform an individual task but they have shared their knowledge with each other , also the leader should guide them properly basically the coordination in this task must require. A further thing is motivation willing power are the factor if a person has this quality then he must climbing to Everest. Task4 THREE-FACTOR OF EFFECTIVE CUSTOMER SERVICE: 1 Presenting Yourself When we talk about effective customer service the factor is how you present yourself in the front of the customer talk politely listen to them and keep smiling while communicating with them. 2 Show Care For Them Try to involve with customer as much you can while tell them if you are in that situation what you can do give some solution, and guide them in the right way they will be impressed automatically, giving good services is always a benefit to satisfy customer and try to create good relationship with them so that they can trust you easily. 3 Convincing Power: If you build trust then convince them is more easily but some customer wont convince because their expectation became more from a service representative so you always try to update them by promoting you new products and give them some extra benefits if they will buy they will refer more customer. The main barriers to customer service in IT business. Failure to solve complaints quickly With todays smart generation, people only reach out to customer care Centres of companies only when the problem is real complex. Customer service fails if one isnt able to serve the complex complaint in the first instinct or immediately direct them to the right person to help them out. (Real Business, n.d.) Inability to provide easy access to customers It should be easy for people to contact the companies to get their issues resolved. Their websites or customer care centers should be easily accessible to all. Failure to provide this a big barrier to customer service. (Real Business, n.d.) Not using customer feedbacks Customer feedbacks satisfy the customers as well as help organizations to improve their customer services in the future. They also help the businesses to know areas where they are lacking and can improve. (Real Business, n.d.) Overworked Staff Having less staff or giving a few people lots of tasks can exhaust them which in turn will lead to loss of interest in working properly. No client will be given importance. The employee will just want finish off the tasks and go home. This will result in dissatisfied customers and hence poor customer service. (Entre Propel, n.d.) Underworked Staff Having all the more staff is a barrier too. Underworked staff might feel they have no importance and that they are not challenged or are not appreciated for their work. This in turn can again have a similar effect as the overworked staff has. Employees might take too long to solve issues since they have plenty of time hence delaying the service and dissatisfying customers. (Entre Propel, n.d.) Non-Caring Culture If the environment of the place where you work is not positive and the staff is careless about their work, a good customer service is not given. Customers are not given importance and the result is unhappy customers. (Entre Propel, n.d.) Insufficient Systems Lack of proper technology when dealing with the customer can lead to the slow and poor performance of the staff. Systems with insufficient data about the customers history or any data related to the client act as a barrier to good customer service. (Entre Propel, n.d.) Lack of Incentive Lack of incentives to the staff gives them no reason to perform better customer service. They ll be bored and work just fine without appreciation. Any incentive, monetary or non-monetary, can improve an employees customer service. (Entre Propel, n.d.) Scripted communication Clients prefer communication customized for them, not a scripted service. Even though a scripted communication might be easier for the employees but a little personal touch for every customer makes them feel important and hence a great customer service. (Provide Support, n.d.) Delayed response The most common reason for complaints and dissatisfied customers is that they were put on hold for a very long time. A swift response to their queries is the most important part of an excellent customer service. Waiting customers result in poor customer service. (Provide Support, n.d.) Not valuing the customers Staff should know how to value customers otherwise they will not treat the customers as they are supposed to. Mistreating them leads to poor customer service. (Entre Propel, n.d.) Poor accountability The staff should be held accountable for customer service they provide. Otherwise, they will not try to perform better, they will never be blamed for an unhappy customer and so they wont be willing to improve. Recording and tracking their conversations will result in better customer service. (Entre Propel, n.d.) References (n.d.). Retrieved from student-learning.tcd.ie: https://student-learning.tcd.ie/undergraduate/topics/self-management/ Entre Propel. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.entre-propel.com/: http://www.entre-propel.com/customer-service/8-barriers-to-outstanding-customer-service/ Faculty buffalostate. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://faculty.buffalostate.edu: http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/smithrd/uae%20communication/unit4.pdf Provide Support. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.providesupport.com: http://www.providesupport.com/blog/10-barriers-outstanding-customer-service/ Real Business. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://realbusiness.co.uk: http://realbusiness.co.uk/sales-and-marketing/2013/10/09/10-barriers-to-effective-customer-service/

Evolution vs Intelligent Design Essay -- Evolution and Philosophy, 201

The suggested separation between church and state in contemporary America is not what the framers of our constitution and our country had in mind as they wrote the words â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† After deconstructing the words, the most insignificant adjective â€Å"an,† tells us that the framers wanted to restrain Congress from installing any one religion as the official religion of the state. Those immortal words say nothing about religion informing congress or society on policy, education, or progress. I maintain that the first amendment’s establishment clause regarding religion was to protect citizens’ free exercise of religion from state interests and not to protect state interests from religion. So while the idea of separation between church and state is aged, it is also radically inaccurate and a misinterpretation of the first amendment. In fact the assum ed existence and enactment of such a radical ideal has caused a violation of the ninth amendment as well which states, â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.† I ascertain that restriction in education against material because of its source, intelligent design’s (ID) link to creationism in this case, is a violation of the first amendment’s free speech clause and further misinterpretation of the first amendment to exclude material because of its arguably religious source is a violation of the ninth amendment. For these reasons in this document I am going to assess popular evolutionary theory versus the ID argument to expose both as religious worldviews that should be taught not in science class but... ...es. Reprint of sixth edition PF Collier, New York, 1900 Appleman, Philip. Darwin. Norton & Company, New York, 2001 Segers, Mary and Ted Jelen. A Wall of Separation? Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, 1998 Miller, Kenneth. Findings Darwin’s God. Cliff Street Books, New York, 1999 ACLU Website. American Civil Liberties Union. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://www.aclu.org/ReligiousLiberty/ReligiousLibertyMain.cfm http://www.aclu.org/ReligiousLiberty/ReligiousLiberty.cfm?ID=18587&c=38 Unofficial Arizona State University Website. Arizona State University Student Affairs. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://www.sundevilweb.com/poll.aspx?poll=2 Wikipedia Website. Wikipedia On-line Encyclopedia. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy Talk Origins Website. Talk Origins Archive. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil.html

Process Design Essay

Design Improvement Product/service design Planning and control Nature and purpose of the design activity Products, services and the processes which produce them all have to be designed Decisions taken during the design of a product or service will have an impact on the decisions taken during the design of the process which produces those products or services, and vice versa Design of products / services and design of processes are interrelated and should be treated together Designing the product or service Designing the process Products and services should be designed in such a way that they can be created effectively Product / service design has an impact on the process design and vice versa Processes should be designed so they can create all products and services which the operation is likely to introduce Design of the Product Design of the Process In manufacturing operations overlapping the activities of product and process design is beneficial In most service operations the overlap between service and process design is implicit in the nature of service Process mapping symbols derived from ‘Scientific Management’ Operation (an activity that directly adds value) Inspection (a check of some sort) Transport (a movement of something) Delay (a wait, e. g. for materials) Process mapping symbols derived from Systems Analysis Beginning or end of the process Activity Input or output from the process Direction of flow Storage (deliberate storage, as opposed to a delay) Decision (exercising discretion) Manufacturing process types Process tasks Diverse/ complex Process flow High Intermittent Project Jobbing Variety Batch Mass Continuous Low Volume High Repeated/ divided Continuous Low Specially made, every one ‘customized’ Defined start and finish: time, quality and cost objectives Many different skills have to be coordinated A project process with a small part of the process map that would describe the whole process Jobbing processes Very small quantities: ‘one-offs’, or only a few required Specially made: high variety, low repetition, ‘strangers’, every one ‘customized’ Skill requirements are usually very broad Skilled Jobber, or team, completes whole roduct Batch processes Higher volumes and lower variety than for Jobbing Standard products, repeating demand. But can make specials Specialized, narrower skills Set-ups (changeovers) at each stage of production Mass (line) processes Higher volumes than batch Standard, repeat products (‘runners’) Low and/or narrow skills No set-ups, or almost instantaneous ones A mass process – a packing process Continuous processes Extremely high volumes and low variety: often single product Standard, repeat products (‘runners’) Highly capital-intensive and automated Few hangeovers required Difficult and expensive to start and stop the process A service shop – This health club offers some variety within a standard set of facilities and processes A mass service – This call centre can handle a very high volume of customer enquiries because it standardizes its process Source: Royal Bank of Scotland Group Deviating from the ‘natural’ diagonal on the product-process matrix has consequences for cost and flexibility Manufacturing operations process types S ervice operations process types None More process flexibility than is needed so high cost Project Jobbing Batch Mass Continuous None Less process flexibility than is needed so high cost Professional service Service shop Mass service The ‘natural’ line of fit of process to volume/variety characteristics Flow (layout), technology and Job design are all influenced by process positioning Flow Unorganized Technology Little / general Jobs Varied / high discretion Volume Custom furniture maker Machine tool maker Automobile factory Predictable Specialist Routine / low discretion Petrochemical refinery Investment banking Customer service branch Bank call centre Credit card processing Customized sandwich – old process Raw materials Assembly Stored sandwiches Move to outlets sell Take payment Standard sandwich process Customer request The operation of making and selling customized sandwiches Prepare Sandwich materials and customers Assemble as required Take payment Customers ‘assembled’ to sandwiches Bread and base filling Assemble whole sandwich Use standard ‘base? No Yes Outline process of making and selling customized sandwiches Detailed process of assembling customized sandwiches Customized sandwich – new process Assemble whole sandwich Assembly of ‘sandwich bases’ Use standard ‘base? Take ayment Fillings Bread and base filling Stored ‘bases’ Yes Customer request Assemble from standard ‘base’ No Little’s law (a really quite useful law) Throughput (TH) = Work in process (WIP) x Cycle time (CT) Cycle time = 2 minutes WIP = 10 Throughput time = ? Throughput time = 10 x 2 minutes = 20 minutes time (CT) 500 exam scripts need to be marked in 5 days (working 7 hours a day). It takes 1 hour to mark a script. How many markers are needed? What is designed in a product or service? The understanding of the nature, use and value of the service or product A concept A package The group of ‘component’ products and services that provide those benefits defined in the concept The way in which the component products and services will be created and delivered A process The product and service design activity is a process in itself Transformed resources, . g. Technical information Market information Time information The product / service design process whose performance is measured by its Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Fully specified products and Outputs services Inputs Transforming resources, e. g. Test and design equipment Design and technical staff The stages of product / service design Concept generation Concept screening Preliminary design Evaluation and improvement Prototyping and final design Ideas from customers formally through marketing activities Listening to customers – n a day-to-day basis Ideas from competitor activity – for example reverse engineering Ideas from staff – especially those who meet customers every day Ideas from research and development Broad categories of evaluation criteria for assessing concepts Feasibility – how difficult is it? What INVESTMENT, both managerial and financial, will be needed? What RETURN, in terms of benefits to the operation, will it give? Overall evaluation of the concept Criteria for screening concepts Acceptability – how worthwhile is it? Vulnerability – what could go wrong? What RISKS do we run if things go wrong? Design involves progressively reducing the number of possibilities until the final design is reached CONCEPT Choice and evaluation ‘screens’ Large number of design options Uncertainty regarding the final design TIME One design FINAL DESIGN SPECIFICATON Certainty regarding the final design Design evaluation and improvement.

Free Essays on The Boat To Freedom

The boat quietly departs in the ghostly darkness of the late October night, 1989 hoping to reach the Thailand Gulf. On board are over one-hundred Vietnamese people of all ages, some dispirited, but most happy, and brimming with hope that they will reach the promised land. This intensive escape leaves them vulnerable, and the challenges they encounter are enormous; however, it exhibits their iron will against the corrupt practices of communism. Morning comes to begin a beautiful day. The sky is clear and sunny. The boat rocks slightly by the waves and continues to run at its full speed. The people know so well at the time that there is no going back. Either they will make it or die somewhere in the immense and unforgiving sea. Fear of the uncertainty and the unknown lingers in their minds. Are they heading in the right direction? Will they survive? Will they be hit by the storm or face the cruel and savage Thailand's pirates? Where will they end up...? On the third day, dark clouds are hovering over their heads and strong winds start to blow heavily against their tiny wooden boat. The calm ocean becomes increasingly violent with ferocious waves driving their boat far off course. There is no sight of land, nothing except the rumbling sky, the quivering winds, and the fast trembling heartbeats; the people are crying for help. Soon, they run out of food, raw fish have become their main source of nourishment, but even th at is rare. One can especially hear children whining for food while their parents sit there helplessly. These apprehensive innocent kids do not know what has happened to them, and why they have been put in the boat to never see their home again. Perhaps the assurance of having a delicious American hamburger after these struggles could lighten them. A child interminably in tears asks her mother, â€Å"When are we going home?† And nothing is as painful than to realize that they do not have a home, the communists... Free Essays on The Boat To Freedom Free Essays on The Boat To Freedom The boat quietly departs in the ghostly darkness of the late October night, 1989 hoping to reach the Thailand Gulf. On board are over one-hundred Vietnamese people of all ages, some dispirited, but most happy, and brimming with hope that they will reach the promised land. This intensive escape leaves them vulnerable, and the challenges they encounter are enormous; however, it exhibits their iron will against the corrupt practices of communism. Morning comes to begin a beautiful day. The sky is clear and sunny. The boat rocks slightly by the waves and continues to run at its full speed. The people know so well at the time that there is no going back. Either they will make it or die somewhere in the immense and unforgiving sea. Fear of the uncertainty and the unknown lingers in their minds. Are they heading in the right direction? Will they survive? Will they be hit by the storm or face the cruel and savage Thailand's pirates? Where will they end up...? On the third day, dark clouds are hovering over their heads and strong winds start to blow heavily against their tiny wooden boat. The calm ocean becomes increasingly violent with ferocious waves driving their boat far off course. There is no sight of land, nothing except the rumbling sky, the quivering winds, and the fast trembling heartbeats; the people are crying for help. Soon, they run out of food, raw fish have become their main source of nourishment, but even th at is rare. One can especially hear children whining for food while their parents sit there helplessly. These apprehensive innocent kids do not know what has happened to them, and why they have been put in the boat to never see their home again. Perhaps the assurance of having a delicious American hamburger after these struggles could lighten them. A child interminably in tears asks her mother, â€Å"When are we going home?† And nothing is as painful than to realize that they do not have a home, the communists...

Being a Member of a Family Presents Numerous Challenges Essay Example

Being a Member of a Family Presents Numerous Challenges Essay Example Being a Member of a Family Presents Numerous Challenges Essay Being a Member of a Family Presents Numerous Challenges Essay Introduction: Hook In the human society, a family is a group of persons conglomerated through consanguinity, affinity through marriage or co-residence. Having a good family is an important part of living as it provides persons with moral, social and financial support among others. Directions of Argument Today, balancing between work and family has become an immense challenge among numerous families. Due to the increased economic challenges in todays society, most parents are mandated to work for long hours to achieve their financial objectives. Thesis Statement This essay is a discussion of why being a member of a family presents numerous challenges today due to the increased need to work for long hours to satisfy the family day-to-day financial demands. Argument 1#: Topic Sentence The escalating cost of essential services such as education and healthcare services in U.S. has increased significantly over the last decade. Point 1: This has resulted to numerous couples working in different jobs for long hours in an effort to afford such amenities for their families. Proof: According to the United States Bureau of Statistics, in numerous married couple relations, both spouses work (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002). In 2000, approximately 53.2 percent of married spouses were employed (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002). Explanation As a result, most couples find it a challenge to balance between their demanding professions and their families. Point 2: Today, the roles of men and women in the American society has reversed. Proof: According to an article published in the New York Times, 4 in every 10 households with children under 18 includes a mother who is either the primary or the sole breadwinner in the homestead (Rampbell, 2013). Explanation This is because unlike in the past, more women today have taken up various roles in the society that were previously reserved for men. Such roles include leadership positions, formal employments, army and management positions among others. In reference to such jobs, some of the professions that women engage in can be very demanding. For instance, a soldier woman can go for months without being in a position to see her family. Point 3: The evolution of organized childcare managed support services for working mothers in the U.S. has also hampered the ability of persons to be with their families. Proof: In the U.S., one-third of all children belonging to employed mothers attain managed care services in organized facilities like the day care centers (CHUSA, 2014). Explanation For this reason, a significant number of parents prefer to leave their young children in managed care centers and then use their time to perform other economic functions. In most cases, such functions entail working for long hours to earn some income. Conclusion: Restatement of Thesis Today, being a member of the family has become a big challenge to most parents due to the need to work for long hours so as to satisfy the family day-to-day financial demands. Direction of Arguments #1). The need to work for long hours has been facilitated by the increased costs of essential services such as education and healthcare services in the nation. #2). The role of women in the American society has also changed and today, a large proportion of women are working for long hours in professions that were previously reserved for the men. #3). The emergence of management childcare services has enabled women to work for long hours in the fields of career. Final Thought It is evident that most persons in the American society find it a challenge to be with their families. This is because most of them work for long hours in an effort to fulfill the financial obligations for their family members. Nevertheless, it is important for every person to be part of a family unit. This is because it aids in their successful growth as well as development. References Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2002). Both spouses work in most married-couple families. Retrieved November 21, 2016, from The Bureau of Labor Statistics: bls.gov/opub/ted/2001/apr/wk4/art02.htm CHUSA. (2014). Parental Employment and Child Care. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from Child Health USA 2014: http://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa14/population-characteristics/parental-employment-child-care.html Rampbell, C. (2013, May 29). U.S. Women on the Rise as Family Breadwinner. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from The New York Times: nytimes.com/2013/05/30/business/economy/women-as-family-breadwinner-on-the-rise-study-says.html

Adolf hitler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adolf hitler - Essay Example He further labelled Jewish sympathizers as a threat to the superiority of Germany. Therefore, in relation to his objective of making a better and stronger Germany, Hitler used coercion to win the support of majority of his countrymen. â€Å"Beer Hall Putsch† is a phrase coined by the Germans to refer to the Nov. 23, 1923 attempted coup d’à ©tat against the Germany government by Hitler and the Nazi Party. The organizers sought to first capture the control of the state government in Bavarian city, protest in Berlin, and then overthrow the federal government. The ultimate goal of Hitler and fellow conspirators was to create a new government which will create a united Greater German Reich whose citizenship would have been informed by race. The coup however was unsuccessful due to poor organization and the failure by the conspirators to capture key areas including communication centres and offices. Hitler and other coup leaders were arrested and prosecuted. However, these coup leaders coercively redefined their attempted coup as a heroic act which was meant to save the superior Germany race. They rallied the greater nation to believe in them leading to the eventual rise of the Nazi and Hitler into

The use of children in the Cambodian genocide Essay

The use of children in the Cambodian genocide - Essay Example The farms today are known as the 'killing fields' as so many died through over work, hunger or slaughter. Amongst the victims were the children who were taken away from their families and made to live in communal groups where the only family they were to consider was that of the Khmer Rouge. This essay sets out to show the lives these children led The Khmer Rouge wanted to eradicate anyone suspected of "involvement in free-market activities" including professionals, almost everyone with an education and who had connections to government and those who lived in the cities. The regime did not want the risk of anybody having the consciousness to rebel against their movement. The country was predominantly Buddhist and its monks were disrobed, half of them were killed and the rest forced to work in the harsh agricultural labor camps and Christianity was also abolished. They also believed that parents were corrupted by capitalism and felt that children should be separated from their families in order to ensure that they were swathed in socialist ideology. Children were taught methods of torture and were instrumental to the leadership of the communist dictatorship. The regime saw that children could be molded and indoctrinated to their political ideology; they were able to condition the children to believe that they were not the enemy and in doing so developed a community of children who were not able to identify with any other than the Khmer Rouge. The intention was to destroy the family values that were part of their culture and irradiate the trust that is held within family and community networks. Community and family members were expected and given incentives to spy on each other and this shattered networks and dissolved any trust through imbedding deeply rooted fear [1]. The young minds of children were easier to manipulate and the regime were able to brainwash children to such an extent that they would report back to the regime if their own parents were being antagonistic, the regime taught them to believe that they were their family and that their own kin were their enemies. Slogans such as 'I'm not killing my mother -I'm killing my enemy' were planted into their minds [2]. A propaganda song entitled, "We Children Love Angkar boundlessly," compared pre-revolutionary children to orphans abandoned by "the enemy", their parents, an excerpt from the song follows: [1] Colletta, N. J., & Cullen, M. L. (2000). The nexus between violent conflict, social capital and social cohesion: Case studies from Cambodia and Rwanda [electronic version]. [2] Martin, M. A. (1994). Cambodia: A shattered society. Berkeley, California: University of California Press Before the revolution, children were poor and lived lives of misery, Living like animals, suffering as orphans. The enemy abandoned all thought of us Now the glorious revolution supports us all [3]. The book the 'Children of Cambodia's Killing Fields' contains 29 essays from children who suffered at the hands of the regime. The children speak about their astonishing and painful experiences at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, how their families were torn apart to assist the social engineering plan of the regime, how

What is the association between nursing staffing levels and adult Article

What is the association between nursing staffing levels and adult patient falls in hospitals - Article Example At hospital level, number of registered nurses should be increased to monitor patients in the wards and provide the required services. From records, increased number of nurses decreases falls among adult patients (Griffiths et al., 2014). The nursing staffs should be given education so as to understand their roles and associated problems. On the other hand, nurses’ needs should be well catered to motivate them and have enabling environment to offer their services. It can be achieved by considered them as financial assets that have a critical role in the hospital. However, in various unit-levels, experienced nurses should be retained at whichever cost. Evidence has shown that inexperience and lack of the necessary skill have contributed significantly to the falls among adult patients (Griffiths, et al., 2014). During hiring, nurse skill mix should be considered. It involves taking care of skill level and experience in order to improve services. From the records, it is not clear about the component of a nurse that contributes most to the reduction of fall. It is, therefore, crucial to establish this through research and make recommendations. The future studies should as well focus on evaluating the role of non-registered nurse staffs to the increased falls in the hospitals. Their relationship should be validated through replication of studies. Griffiths, P., Ball, J., Drennan, J., Liz, J. & Michael, S. (2014). The association between patient safety outcomes and nurse / healthcare assistant skill mix and staffing levels & factors that may influence staffing requirements: National Nursing Research Unit. New York, 1,

Breach of contract - contract law Essay Example for Free

Breach of contract contract law Essay Spanish Contract Law provides a broad notion of breach of contract for any behavior that departs from the specified behavior in the contract in any way (time, quality, substance, etc.) or is not specially justified on legal grounds (actions forbidden by the government are not breaches since they are justified on a legal ground). The general benchmark to determine breach is the contract agreed by the parties themselves, and not external notions. However, external notions are used in important situation such as the consumers market where the consumers expectations are the primary benchmarks to assess quality and performance since there is not an explicit contract. External notions are also important in other market, where a third party may have some duty or responsibility over the contract, and therefore, is responsible (at least in part) for any potential breach. The reason for breach does not exclude the breach. What matters is the breach. The analysis of breach takes place in objective terms. Subjective factors generally do not exclude breach, although they may affect remedies. In certain contractual areas, breach of duty and fault are generally required (professional contracts, management contracts: breach requires violation of a duty of care or a duty of loyalty). In professional contracts, the fault may be of a professional who was in contract with the firm, and in management contracts, it may be the fault of the manager. 2) Remedies: Spanish Contract Law provides a wide range of general remedies for breach of contract: †¢ Specific performance: the court forces the breacher to act as it was established in the contract. If for example, the contract stipulated that the promiser had to give the promisee a product of quality 2 and he delivers a good of quality 1, then as remedy the court force the promiser to deliver a good of quality 2. †¢ Damages: the court force the breacher to pay a certain amount of money  (damages) to the other party as compensation. It is a monetary remedy. The court calculate the amount to be paid. †¢ Liquidated damages: these are also monetary compensation, but with the difference that they are not calculated by the court, but they are instead specified in the contract itself. One example are the soccer players contracts, or sale contracts that specifies the amount to be paid for each day of delay. Other general remedies that we can find are: †¢ Termination: if a party suffers a breach, it can contract with another party and abandon its contractual obligation. If the breacher does not agree with this, court is necessary. †¢ Reduction of prices: in case of breach of a party, a general remedy is to reduce the price to equilibrate the contract. Generally, it is the aggrieved party who chooses the remedy to be imposed. 3) Specific performance: Specific performance is a remedy for breach characterized by the fact that a failed performance or departure from required action by the contract will be imposed upon breaching party. It is also characterized by several material variants of the remedy such as: forced delivery, forced action, injunction not to do, repair defective performance and replace non-conforming good. In the case of the injunction not to do, the court oblige the breacher not to do something, such as obliging a CEO to work for the competition if in the contract it was stipulated that he cannot. Specific performance conceptually includes repair and replacement of consumer goods. The main issue with specific performance, when it is feasible, is the issue of the balance of benefits and costs of the remedy. Specific performance implies that the breacher perform as the contract establishes. However, sometimes, the cost of this performance may be higher than the benefit in social welfare terms. Take the example of the mining firm, which has a contract with the owner of the land to mine for 10 years and then clean the land. When the 10 year pass, the firms breaches the contract and refuse to clean. The cost of cleaning the land is 20 millions, and the benefit for the  owner is 1 million. So if the court imposes a specific performance to firm, society will loose 19 millions. A good alternative would be to impose damages to the firm, which would be preferred by the owner, since an agreement between the firm and the owner will be reached that maximize the social welfare. In these cases, performance may be more costly than its value for promisee: performance may be ex post inefficient. There are both positive and negative features of specific performance as a remedy. As positive features, we can distinguish low informational requirements to apply remedy (avoids cost of error linked to estimating damages) and the party aggrieved by breach appears to be satisfied in its promissory expectation. As negative features, we find performance may be more costly than its value for promisee (performance may be ex post inefficient), requires a court order and takes time, for complex performances requires costly and difficult supervision by court and performance by a party forced to comply with contract may be perfunctory (lowest effort) at best. 4) Damages: Damages are understood as general remedies that can be applied to all types of contracts and breaches of contracts. It is a remedy defined in very broad terms: amount of money to compensate any harm suffered by the injured party as a consequence of any breach of contract. We can differentiate between two kinds of damages: expectation and reliance damages. This is why it is a remedy with a variable extension. Expectation damages: Expectation damages is the sum of money that will give the party damaged the same amount of welfare and utility than if the contract would not have been breached and the final result would have been attained. Therefore, the breach party would have to pay the aggrieved party an amount of money that would compensate for the harm caused and in addition an amount of money equal to the value of the performance for this party. There are however some problems with expectation damages since they are difficult to compute and some instances of moral hazard may appear. Those who seek for damages have to provide evidence of both the existence and amount of damages. This requirement has some exceptions in case of harm in re ipsa: illegitimate use of a productive good, deprivation of a productive good, and few other examples. Expectation damages is the general rule in Spanish Law for breach of contract. It is the damage measure that accompanies termination for breach and the replacement measure of specific performance. It is awarded when there is a breach of representations and warranties, advertising and promotional communications and in cases of pre-contractual fraud that are equivalent to breach of contracts. How can we compute expectation damages? When goods or services admit substitutes or cover transactions to avoid the negative consequences of the other party’s breach of contract, the price of these transactions is relevant. If the seller breaches the contract and the buyer has bought a good, generally fungible, then the expectation damages will be equal to the difference between the price of the substitute and the price established in the contract: Psub-Pc. If the buyer breaches the contract and the seller celebrates a cover sale the expectation damages would be equal to the difference between the price established in the contract and the price of the new sale: Pc-Psub. Other ways of computing expectation damages are the following: Market damages: (for fungible good with market price) buyer will receive expectation damages consisting of the difference between the market price when the breach of contract took place (Pm) and the contract price (Pc). Seller will receive the opposite difference. Expectation damages present some limitations that reduce it scope and amount. One of this limitations is the foreseeability rule. This rule state that the breacher should only be liable for the things that are foreseen or could have foreseen at the time of contracting and that are necessary  consequence of his failure to perform. For instance, if the foreseeable harm of a breach is 100 and the aggrieved party end up suffering a loss of 1000, the foreseeability rule states that damages will amount only to 100. The foreseeability rule gives incentives to give information in the time of contracting. Those who suffer from harm must declare the value of the performance. In tort law, there is no foreseeability rule, you pay the actual damage. Another limitation is the duty to mitigate damages: the aggrieved party is under the duty to mitigate damages that the other contracting party has caused with her / his breach of contract. Reliance damages: Reliance damages: sum of money that will give the party damaged the same amount of welfare and utility than if the contract would not have taken place (the initial situation). This is why reliance damages are generally lower than expectation damages. Reliance damages cover expenses for the injured party derived from concluding the contract, specific investments that the injured party has made in reliance of performance of the contract by the other party and opportunity costs. Limited assets: Damages do not always work well. Sometimes, individuals can bear the payment of these damages, and therefore, they will have incentives to reduce them. However, this is not always the case. When the breacher has not enough assets to pay damages up to the point of optimal care, damages do not work well, because people will not pay for the consequences of their acts, and therefore, their level of care will be the optimal according to what they can pay, and not what they should pay. This is known as judgement proof problem. Damages for pain and suffering: The traditional position of the Spanish Supreme Court and Spanish Courts is: †¢ To accept damages for pain and suffering for breach of contract †¢ To award damages for pain and suffering with a relative amplitude and generosity. †¢ To award damages for pain and suffering with several functions: †¢ To avoid the problems of calculating and justifying the amount of the damage award †¢ To compensate harm in personality rights (right to life, liberty, honor, etc.). †¢ To compensate non-patrimonial values joined to economic goods and rights (discomfort, inconvenience, disappointment, frustration) †¢ To punish intolerable or egregious behaviors of breach of contract. When an individual suffer harm, her utility decreases (she goes form point A to point B, but her utility function for money will not change). If this harm is economic, we can compensate this harm with money, which will leave her at point A again. However, the harm that an individual can suffer may be non-economic, and for the same amount of money her utility decreases (her utility function changes). Money cannot restore the initial utility (a huge amount would be needed). This is the case of pain and suffering (accident and death of a relative, discomfort, etc). This is why it is useless to take insurance for death, since it would not compensate the harm. The hairy hand example: What is the difference between expectation and reliance damage? Lets look at an example. An individual was injured in his hand and lost 50% of his use. He entered in a contract with a doctor who promised to reestablish the hand to a 100% of use in exchange for quantity of money. Before the contract was made, the individual was situated in an indifference curve that related all the  combination of hand use and money that let the individual indifferent. We assume that the individual is willing to give up hand use for money. After the contract and operation, the individual was worse off, with 25% of use. What should the doctor pay as damage? If expectation damages are used, the doctor should pay the individual a quantity of money that together with the 25% of hand use leave him with the same utiity as if the contract had succeded and he had 100% of use (situate him in a higher indifference curve). If reliance damages are imposed, the doctor should pay the individual a quantity of mon ey that, together with the 25% of hand use, leave him with the same utility as if the contract did not take place, with 50% of hand use (situate him in the initial indifference curve). 5) Liquidated damages: Liquidated damages are damages for breach that are not determined ex post breach by a Court or arbitration panel, but ex ante by the contract parties themselves into the contract. Such possibility of â€Å"privately stipulated† remedies for breach is acknowledged by most legal systems, typically in the form of payment of money, although other possibilities may exist. They typically replace Court damages and they can be agreed as added penalty for breach. The most important issue is whether Courts are forced to enforce liquidated damages, or they may disregard, or reduce, the amount of the liquidated damages award. The reasons why Courts allow liquidated damages are: †¢ Freedom of contract †¢ A large liquidated damages clause may be necessary to induce promisee to find promise credible and the contract sustainable. †¢ Parties are in a better position than Courts to assess benefits and costs of determining a given amount. †¢ Liquidated damages compensate systematic underestimation of damages by Courts. If liquidated damages are higher than the expectation damages, then the court will apply the second ones. There are however some economic arguments that may lead to reduce or at least control the level of liquidated damages clauses: †¢ â€Å"Excessive† damages clauses resulting from incorrect predictions or forecasts about future outcomes. †¢ External shocks unforeseen by parties that produce an unexpected increase in the damages payment. †¢ True â€Å"uncertainty† about future costs for one party. †¢ Behavioral biases that lead party to underestimate the true adverse impact of a damages clause (the â€Å"deferred cost problem†): †¢ Over-optimism concerning future performance and costs (the example of the gym) †¢ Hyperbolic discounting of future outcomes We can see the liquidated damages as barriers to entry. An excessive amount of LD is beneficial for the parties to the detriment of a third party who  may bid for the services of breaching party. Promisor agrees to pay an amount larger than ED, in exchange of higher price. Promisee uses high liquidated damages to extract larger payment from a third party interested in performance by promisor: larger payment from third party increases the surplus to the contract parties, that is shared between them. Also, excessive payment of third party are made possible by excessive damages clauses, which reduce efficient entry by third parties, and prevents them from successfully bidding for promisor’s performance. That is why the goal of reducing â€Å"excessive† liquidated damages is not to protect the breaching party, but third-parties. Sometimes, excessive LD for signaling are unwanted, since an unforeseeable contingency may appear that will cause a breach in the contract. A pooling equilibrium may be more desirable than a separating one when the distortion caused by the penalty on the â€Å"good type† is large enough. 6) Termination: Among the general remedies for breach, the last one is termination (or rescission, or cancellation, as it may also be called in Common Law jurisdictions). This remedy entitles the aggrieved party to cancel the contractual relationship with the breaching party, eliminating the obligations arising from the terminated contract. Once the contract is terminated the parties should give back what was received under the contract, unless the goods are now in lawful possession of a third party. In this case, the value of the goods would replace the goods themselves. The elimination of the effects of the contract is retroactive: it is considered that the contract did not exist. Spanish courts have established that termination does not require a lawsuit. However, if the other party disputes the termination or its conditions, restitution would require a lawsuit. Courts do not determine termination, but declare whether termination was or not properly effected by the party. The most contested issue about termination is when is termination available as a remedy. It is clear that not every breach or non-performance allows the  aggrieved party to terminate, but a qualified breach (material or fundamental breach) is required. We can define it as follow: †¢ Relevance: the breach must affect the central obligations or duties under the contract and not merely ancillary or incidental duties. †¢ Duration: the breach should not be merely sporadic or transitory, but likely to be repeated or continuing. †¢ Importance: the breach must substantially affect the interests of the non-defaulting party. Termination does not go alone, it does not exclude damages, and in fact it is naturally accompanied by damages payment.